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Aphasia > Neuroanatomy of Language > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy of Language Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges from superficial to deep?

A

dura mater
arachnoid membrane
pia mater

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2
Q

Describe the dura mater

A

outermost meninx, composed of tough fibrous connective tissue

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3
Q

Describe the arachnoid membrane

A

-middle meninx, delicate membrane with a spider web appearance

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4
Q

Describe the Pia mater

A

inner most meninx that clings directly to the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

the space between the Pia mater and the main part of the arachnoid layer
-it contains blood vessels, web like processor of the arachnoid layer and CSF

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6
Q

Describe the ventricular system

A

a system of four interconnected hollow chambers filled with CSF at the centre of the brain

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7
Q

Where are the 2 lateral ventricles located?

A

within each cerebral hemisphere (telencephalon)

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8
Q

Where is the third ventricle located?

A

centrally in the forebrain (diencephalon)

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9
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle located?

A

in a small chamber in the hindbrain (metencephalon)

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10
Q

3rd and 4th ventricles communicate via the ______________

A

cerebral aqueduct (a narrow channel running through the midbrain)

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11
Q

The ventricular system is continuous with the ________ of the spinal. cord and is connected to the _________ via the 4th ventricle

A

central canal

subarachnoid space

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12
Q

CSF is produced where?

A

in the chord plexuses within the walls/roof of ventricles

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13
Q

The __________ divides the frontal lobe from parietal lobe

A

central sulcus (Rolando)

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14
Q

The ____________ separates the frontal from temporal lobe

A

lateral (sylvian) fissure

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15
Q

The ____________ separates occipital lobe from the temporal and parietal lobes

A

parieto-occipital sulcus

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16
Q

The L and R cerebral hemispheres are separated by the ______________

A

longitudinal fissure

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17
Q

Classification of areas of cortex based on similar cellular morphology (size, shape) and organization are called what?

A

Brodmann’s areas

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18
Q

What area corresponds to BA 44?

A

broca’s area

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19
Q

What area corresponds to BA 22?

A

Wernicke’s area

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20
Q

What are corresponds to BA 41& 42?

A

primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s gyrus)

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21
Q

What area corresponds to BA 43?

A

Primary gustatory cortex

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22
Q

What area corresponds to BA 1,2,3?

A

primary somatosensory cortex

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23
Q

What area corresponds to BA 4?

A

primary motor cortex

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24
Q

What major functional systems are found within the FL?

A

primary motor cortex and primary olfactory cortex

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25
Q

What major functional systems are found within the PL?

A

primary somatosensory cortex

primary gustatory cortex

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26
Q

What major functional systems are found within the TL?

A

primary auditory cortex

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27
Q

What major functional systems are found within the OL?

A

primary visual cortex

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28
Q

In general describe primary sensory areas

A

most sensory information arrives here first

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29
Q

In general describe primary motor areas

A

-send commands to muscles

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30
Q

In general describe secondary sensory motor areas

A

Higher order visual, somatosensory and auditory areas located
near respective primary area & information further processed

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31
Q

In general describe association areas and list the 3 association areas in the brain

A
  • Not exclusive to sensory or motor info & composed of regions that receive inputs from one or more modalities
  • Attention, planning and memory
  • Association areas: prefrontal, limbic, parieto-temporal-occipital area (language processing)
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32
Q

What area corresponds to BA 6?

A

premotor cortex

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33
Q

Which is the largest lobe in the brain?

A

frontal

34
Q

Describe the primary motor cortex

A
  • located on pre central gyrus
  • homunculus
  • specific area for speech, hand, finger movements, & eye-hand coordination
  • each hemisphere controls contralateral side of body
  • damage leads to hemiplegia
35
Q

Describe the premotor cortex

A
  • located anterior to primary motor strip

- guide voluntary body movements and integrates sensory input

36
Q

Describe the supplementary motor cortex

A
  • Located dorsal to premotor cortex

- Involved in planning complex motor movement and movements under internal control (sequence of movements from memory)

37
Q

Describe the function prefrontal association area

A

Higher aspects of motor control and planning/execution of behaviour and other cognitive functions (control of behaviour; abstract thinking and reasoning)

38
Q

The prefrontal cortex can be divided into the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex that is responsible for ___________ and the inferior orbital prefrontal cortex that is responsible for __________

A
  • working memory functions

- decision making and affective responses

39
Q

Where is Broca’s area located and what is its function

A
  • inferior frontal gyrus (typically left hemisphere)
  • located in front of area of primary motor cortex that controls jaw, lip, tongue and vocal cord movements
  • important for speech production
40
Q

Lesions to the frontal lobe can lead to what?

A
  • lack of inhibition of behaviours including speech
  • May have normal intelligence and memory but personality changed (poor impulse control, quick temper, irritability
  • Bilateral lesion: reduced or cessation of behaviour
41
Q

What are the general functions of the parietal lobe?

A
  • reading, writing, language and calculation

- perceptual synthesis, spatial orientation, cross modality integration, memory and cognition

42
Q

Analysis and integration of info in inferior parietal lobule contributes to what?

A

complex perception

43
Q

describe the location and function of the primary somatosensory cortex

A
  • located in post central gyrus
  • all modalities of somatic sensation are received here
  • sensory homunculus
44
Q

What are the 2 association areas in the PL important in language

A
  • angular gyrus

- supramarginal gyrus

45
Q

What area is represented by BA 39?

A

angular gyrus

46
Q

What area is represented by BA 40?

A

supramarginal gyrus

47
Q

Describe the location and function of the angular gyrus

A
  • Posterior inferior parietal lobe (just posterior to Wernicke’s area)
  • Involved in processing of auditory and visual input & language comprehension
  • Processes letters with corresponding sounds
  • important for reading, writing, abstract thinking and calculation
48
Q

Describe the location and function of the supra marginal gyrus

A
  • inferior lateral parietal lobe
  • involved in reading (meaning and phonology)
  • symbolic integration for writing
49
Q

Damage to the PL leads to

A

complex perceptual disorders of constructional skills, spatial orientation, body schema, memory, also often neglect opposite side of body (hemispatial neglect)

50
Q

A right PL lesion may lead to

A
  • Balint’s syndrome
  • 3D spatial disorientation
  • dressing apraxia
51
Q

A left PL lesion may lead to

A

-Gerstmann’s syndrome (right-left disorientation, acalculia, agraphia, finger agnosia)

52
Q

What are the important functions of the temporal lobe?

A
  • Involved in speech comprehension (semantic processing)
  • Integrates written and oral symbols to make them meaningful
  • Houses primary and secondary auditory cortex
  • Medial temporal areas most related to memory (hippocampus)
53
Q

Describe the location and function of Heschl’s gyrus. What is the result of a lesion in this area?

A
  • Dorsal surface of superior temporal gyrus & buried within sylvian fissure (lateral)
  • Region represents primary auditory cortex and auditory association cortex
  • Lesion to this area causes pure word deafness
54
Q

Describe the location and function of Wernicke’s area

A
  • left posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus
  • Encircles auditory cortex on Sylvian fissure = auditory language association area
  • critical to understanding of language
55
Q

what is the result of a lesion in Wernicke’s area

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

56
Q

What is the result of right TL lesions?

A

-affects appreciation of music and rhythm and nonverbal memory

57
Q

What are the types of white fibers?

A

projection fibers
association fibers
commissural fibers

58
Q

Describe projection fibers

A

Sensory and motor fibers that travel vertically from cortex to brainstem & spinal cord

59
Q

Describe association fibers

A
  • Most numerous fiber type

- Confined within one hemisphere (intra hemispheric communication) and connect different regions

60
Q

Describe commissural fibers

A
  • Fibers run horizontally and connect corresponding areas of both hemispheres
  • Most are included in the Corpus callosum; the rest make up the anterior commissure
61
Q

The ___________ is an association fiber connecting broca’s and wernicke’s areas

A

arcuate fasiculus

62
Q

the brain receives ___________ of the body’s blood supply

A

15-20%

63
Q

with 5-8 seconds of interrupted blood flow to the brain, what happens?

A

person is unconscious

64
Q

with 20 seconds of interrupted blood flow to the brain, what happens?

A

neuronal activity stops

65
Q

with 4-6 minutes of interrupted blood flow to the brain, what happens?

A

irreversible brain damage

66
Q

T or F: spinal cord can handle lack of oxygen longer than the brain can

A

true

67
Q

What two pairs of arteries supply the brain with blood?

A
  • verebtral arteries

- internal carotid arteries

68
Q

Left and right vertebral arteries come together at the base of the brain to form a single _________

A

basilar artery

69
Q

What is the circle of willis? Which blood vessels does it include?

A
  • A ring of arteries in the brain, it provides a safety mechanism, if one artery gets blocked the circle will still provide some blood to the brain
  • Includes: internal carotid arteries, ACA, MCA, PCA, anterior communication artery + posterior communicating artery? (not sure about this)
70
Q

The internal carotid arteries branch off into what?

A
  • anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
  • middle cerebral artery (MCA)
  • posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
71
Q

Describe the ACA and what happens if it is damaged?

A

-Distributed mostly throughout medial surface of cortex
extending posteriorly into parietal lobe
-Interruption results in paralysis of legs, feet
-Prefrontal lobe symptoms (impaired thinking, reasoning, planning)

72
Q

Describe the MCA

A
  • Branches to most of the lateral cortex, largest of cortical arteries
  • Has main vessel within sylvian fissure
  • It supplies motor and sensory areas involved in speech, audition and language!
73
Q

Describe the PCA and what happens if it is damaged?

A
  • covers medial surface of occipital lobe and base of temporal lobe
  • supplies primary visual area
  • occlusion of basilar artery (which supplies PCAs) results in total blindness and cerebellar symptoms
74
Q

What are the types of stroke

A
  • blockage/ischemic stroke

- hemorrhagic stroke

75
Q

Describe ischemic strokes

A
  • most common form of stroke (85%)

- Can be caused by thrombosis or embolism

76
Q

What is a transient ischemic attack

A
  • temporary interruption of blood circulation to brain
  • Sx: weakness, double vision, headache, numbness, dysarthria and dizziness
  • puts you at higher risk for having subsequent stroke
77
Q

describe hemorrhagic stroke

A
  • approx 15% of stroke, but accounts for higher mortality rate than ischemic
  • similar focal neurological signs as ischemic but more ill
  • can be intracerebral, subdural, or aneurysm
78
Q

Describe arteriovenous malformation

A
  • a congenital condition involving connections between arteries
  • susceptible to hemorrhaging
79
Q

What two important principles of functioning are central to understanding effects of brain lesions on cognitive processes?

A
  • contralaterality

- hemispheric specialization

80
Q

LH is responsible for ______________________

A

speech, reading, writing, math, language related sounds

81
Q

RH is responsible for ____________

A

non-verbal aspects of language, prosody, narrative, inference, spatial, perceptional information processing

Aphasia (10 decks)

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