Neuroanatomy Finals (Batches 2024 and 2025) Flashcards
- Best modality for cord evaluation
A. СТ
B. MRI
C. MRA
D. X-ray
MRI
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is considered the best modality for cord evaluation due to its high resolution and ability to provide detailed images of soft tissue structures, including the spinal cord and surrounding structures.
CT (Computed Tomography) can also be useful for evaluating the spinal cord, especially in cases of acute trauma or to evaluate bony abnormalities. However, CT has limitations in visualizing soft tissue structures and may not provide the level of detail needed for some spinal cord pathologies.
X-ray is not typically used as the primary modality for evaluating the spinal cord, as it does not provide adequate detail of the soft tissues or the spinal cord itself. However, X-ray may be useful in evaluating bony abnormalities or for initial screening in some cases.
- Carries signals for vibration, visceral pain, deep and discriminative touch and proprioception from lower limbs and lower trunk
A. Cuneate fasciculus
B. Spinoreticular tract
C. Spinothalamic system
D. Gracile Fasciculus
Gracile Fasciculus
The Gracile Fasciculus is a white matter tract in the spinal cord that carries sensory information from the lower limbs and lower trunk, including signals for vibration, visceral pain, deep and discriminative touch, and proprioception.
The Cuneate Fasciculus is another white matter tract in the spinal cord that carries similar sensory information but from the upper limbs and upper trunk.
The Spinothalamic System is a group of tracts that carry pain, temperature, and crude touch sensations from the body to the brain.
The Spinoreticular Tract is a pathway that carries pain signals from the body to the reticular formation in the brainstem, which plays a role in arousal and attention to sensory stimuli.
- Location of interpretation of emotional aspect of pain
A. Post-central gyrus
B.Cingulate gyrus
C. Insular gyrus
D. Reticular formation
Cingulate gyrus
Cingulate gyrus is involved with the interpretation of the emotional aspect of pain.
Postcentral gyrus is responsible for the interpretation of pain in relation to past experiences.
Insular gyrus is concerned with the interpretation of pain stimuli from the internal organs of the body and brings about an autonomic response.
The reticular formation is a network of nuclei located in the brainstem that is involved in a wide range of functions, including regulating arousal and consciousness, but it is not specifically involved in the interpretation of the emotional aspect of pain.
- Non-painful input prevents pain sensation from traveling to the central nervous system
A. Reciprocal inhibition
B. Reflex arc
C. Feedback inhibition
D. Gate control
Gate control
Gating Theory
Although the precise mechanism for these phenomena is not understood, the gating theory was proposed some years ago. It was suggested that at the site where the pain fiber enters the central nervous system, inhibition could occur by means of connector neurons excited by large, myelinated afferent fibers carrying information of nonpainful touch and pressure. The excess tactile stimulation produced by massage, for example,“closed the gate” for pain. Once the nonpainful tactile stimulation ceased, however,“the gate was opened,” and information on the painful stimuli ascended the lateral spinothalamic tract.
Reciprocal inhibition refers to the inhibitory effect that occurs when the contraction of one muscle is accompanied by the relaxation of its antagonist muscle, which is not directly related to pain modulation.
Reflex arc is the neural pathway that mediates a reflex action, which is a rapid and automatic response to a stimulus that does not require conscious thought or decision-making.
Feedback inhibition is a regulatory mechanism in which the output of a process or system feeds back to inhibit or regulate the process or system itself, which is also not directly related to pain modulation.
- The Spinothalamic tracts are,
A. Autonomous pathways
B. Descending pathways
C. Afferent pathways
D. Efferent pathways
Afferent pathways
The Spinothalamic tracts are a group of afferent, or sensory, pathways that carry information about pain, temperature, and crude touch from the body to the brain. These pathways originate in the dorsal root ganglia, where the cell bodies of sensory neurons are located, and then ascend up the spinal cord to synapse with neurons in the brainstem and thalamus, which relay the information to the sensory cortex for processing and interpretation.
Autonomous pathways are those that function independently of conscious control, such as the autonomic nervous system.
Descending pathways are efferent pathways that carry motor commands from the brain to the spinal cord and muscles.
Efferent pathways are also known as motor pathways, which carry motor commands from the brain to the muscles or glands.
- This statement best describes the efferent connections of the hypothalamus:
A. The parasympathetic nucleus of the cranial nerve Ill receives descending fibers from the hypothalamus.
B. The posterior nucleus of the thalamus receives fibers from the mammillary body.
C. The mammillotegmental tract connects the hypothalamus to the reticular formation in the pons.
D. The supraoptic nucleus sends fibers to the cerebellar cortex.
The supraoptic nucleus sends fibers to the cerebellar cortex.
The hypothalamus is a complex structure located at the base of the brain that is involved in a wide range of functions, including regulation of the autonomic nervous system, control of hormone secretion, and modulation of behavior and emotions.
The efferent connections of the hypothalamus are extensive and complex, and involve multiple pathways that project to various regions of the brain and spinal cord. One of the most well-known efferent connections of the hypothalamus is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which is involved in the regulation of the stress response.
In the given options, only option D is a correct statement about the efferent connections of the hypothalamus. The supraoptic nucleus is a nucleus located in the hypothalamus that is involved in the synthesis and release of the hormone vasopressin, which regulates water balance in the body. The supraoptic nucleus sends efferent fibers to various regions of the brain, including the cerebellar cortex, which is involved in motor coordination and control.
Option A is incorrect as the parasympathetic nucleus of cranial nerve III (oculomotor nerve) receives efferent fibers from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, not from the hypothalamus.
Option B is incorrect as the mammillary body receives afferent fibers from the hippocampus and projects to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus, not to the posterior nucleus of the thalamus.
Option C is incorrect as the mammillotegmental tract connects the mammillary bodies to the brainstem reticular formation, not to the hypothalamus.
- True of the Circle of Willis except:
A. starts at the internal carotid arteries
B. Middle cerebral arteries are the main component
C. hypoplastic or absent segment is common
D. composed of anterior and posterior circulation
Middle cerebral arteries are the main component
The Circle of Willis is an arterial structure located at the base of the brain that provides collateral circulation between the anterior and posterior circulation. It is composed of the following arteries:
- Two internal carotid arteries
- Two anterior cerebral arteries
- Two posterior cerebral arteries
- One anterior communicating artery
- Two posterior communicating arteries
Option A is correct. The Circle of Willis begins at the internal carotid arteries, which arise from the common carotid arteries in the neck.
Option C is also correct. Hypoplastic (underdeveloped) or absent segments of the Circle of Willis are relatively common and can contribute to the risk of ischemic stroke.
Option D is correct. The Circle of Willis is composed of both anterior and posterior circulation. The anterior circulation includes the internal carotid arteries and the anterior cerebral arteries, while the posterior circulation includes the posterior cerebral arteries.
Option B is incorrect. While the middle cerebral arteries are an important component of the cerebral circulation, they are not part of the Circle of Willis. The middle cerebral arteries arise directly from the internal carotid arteries and supply blood to the lateral surfaces of the brain, including the primary motor and sensory areas for the face and upper extremity, as well as language centers.
- Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning the nuclei of the hypothalamus:
A. The nuclei are separated from each other by distinct margins
B. The suprachiasmatic nucleus overlaps both the medial and lateral groups of nuclei.
C. The fornix and the mammillothalamic tract divide the hypothalamic nuclei into anterior and posterior
D. The preoptic nucleus is confined only to the lateral zone of nuclei.
B. The suprachiasmatic nucleus overlaps both the medial and lateral groups of nuclei.
The nuclei of the hypothalamus are a group of specialized neurons that play a critical role in regulating various autonomic and endocrine functions, including body temperature, thirst and hunger, sleep-wake cycles, and the stress response.
Option A is incorrect. The nuclei of the hypothalamus do not have distinct margins, and there is significant overlap between them.
Option C is incorrect. The hypothalamic nuclei are usually divided into three major groups based on their location: medial, lateral, and posterior. The fornix and the mammillothalamic tract are fiber pathways that connect different regions of the hypothalamus with other parts of the brain, and they do not divide the nuclei into distinct subgroups.
Option D is incorrect. The preoptic nucleus is located at the rostral end of the hypothalamus and is involved in the regulation of a variety of functions, including thermoregulation, sexual behavior, and the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. The preoptic nucleus is not confined only to the lateral zone of nuclei, but rather extends across the medial-lateral axis of the hypothalamus.
- During the screening neurologic examination, pronator drift tests for
A. tone of the upper extremities
B. proprioception
C. weakness of the upper extremities
D. sensory loss of the upper extremities
weakness of the upper extremities
Pronator drift is a simple clinical test that involves having the patient hold both arms outstretched in front of them with their palms facing up and eyes closed. The examiner then applies a gentle downward force to both arms, and the patient is instructed to resist this force and maintain their position. A positive test is indicated by the affected arm drifting downward and inward, with the palm pronating (turning downward). This finding suggests weakness or pyramidal tract involvement on the contralateral side.
Option A is incorrect because pronator drift is not specifically testing for tone of the upper extremities, but rather for weakness.
Option B is incorrect because proprioception is not directly assessed by pronator drift, but rather by other tests such as joint position sense testing or vibration sense testing.
Option D is incorrect because sensory loss is not specifically assessed by pronator drift, but rather by other tests such as light touch or pinprick sensation testing.
- Which of the following statements is/are true?
A. The spinal subarachnoid space extends down as far as the fifth sacral vertebra
B. Epidural hemorrhage is blood collecting above the periosteal layer of the dura mater
C. Epidural hemorrhage creates a lens shaped hyperdense collection of blood seen on CT scan
D. Middle meningeal artery laceration is the most common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage
E. All the statements are true
C. Epidural hemorrhage creates a lens shaped hyperdense collection of blood seen on CT scan
A. The spinal subarachnoid space extends down to the lower border of the second sacral vertebra, not the fifth sacral vertebra.
B. Epidural hemorrhage is blood collecting above the meningeal layer of the dura mater, not the periosteal layer.
D. Middle meningeal artery laceration is the most common cause of epidural hemorrhage, not subarachnoid hemorrhage.
- All of the following structures are seen in the dorsal surface of the medulla, EXCEPT
A. Pyramidal decussation
B. Floor of the fourth ventricle
C. Posterior median sulcus
D. Gracile tubercle
Pyramidal decussation
The dorsal surface of the medulla oblongata includes the following structures:
· Floor of the fourth ventricle (B)
· Posterior median sulcus (C)
· Gracile tubercle (D)
The pyramidal decussation (A) is located on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata.
- The first order neuron of the ascending tract usually comes from the
A. Substancia gelatinosa
B. Nucleus dorsalis
C. Posterior root ganglion
D. Anterior root ganglion
Posterior root ganglion
The substantia gelatinosa (A) is a layer of gray matter in the spinal cord that is involved in processing pain and temperature information.
The nucleus dorsalis (B), also known as the Clarke’s nucleus, is a group of neurons in the spinal cord that is involved in the proprioception of the lower limbs.
The anterior root ganglion (D) contains the cell bodies of motor neurons that send axons out to innervate skeletal muscles.
- Through which bone does the olfactory nerve pass through?
A. Sphenoid
B. Ethmoid
C. Squamous portion of temporal bone
D. Frontal
Ethmoid
- Where is the nucleus of the trochlear nerve found?
A. Anterior to the cerebral aqueduct at the level of the superior colliculus
B. Anterior to the cerebral aqueduct at the level of the inferior colliculus
C. Dorsum of the midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculus
D. Dorsum of the midbrain at the level of the superior colliculus
Dorsum of the midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculus
The trochlear nerve, the most slender of the cranial nerves and the only one to leave the posterior surface of the brainstem, emerges from the midbrain and immediately decussates with the nerve of the opposite side.
The trochlear nucleus is situated in the anterior part of the gray matter that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain. It lies inferior to the oculomotor nucleus at the level of the inferior colliculus.
- The following intracranial arteries are part of the Posterior circulation except:
A. Posterior communicating arteries
B. Basilar artery
C. Posterior cerebral arteries
D. Vertebral arteries
Posterior communicating arteries
The posterior cerebral circulation (or simply, posterior circulation) is the blood supply to the posterior portion of the brain, including the occipital lobes, cerebellum and brainstem.
Due to the anastomotic circle of Willis, the posterior circulation connects via the posterior communicating arteries to the anterior circulation.
The posterior circulation is supplied by the vertebral arteries that combine to form the basilar artery which then divides into the posterior cerebral arteries.
- The following clinical features are seen in Lateral Medullary Syndrome, EXCEPT:
A. Nystagmus
B. Dysphagia & Dysphonia
C. Ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome
D. Contralateral loss of facial pain and temperature sensation
Contralateral loss of facial pain and temperature sensation
Lateral Medullary Syndrome of Wallenberg
· The lateral part of the medulla oblongata is supplied by the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, which is usually a branch of the vertebral artery.
· Thrombosis of either of these arteries produces the following signs and symptoms:
o dysphagia and dysarthria due to paralysis of the ipsilateral palatal and laryngeal muscles (innervated by the nucleus ambiguous);
o analgesia and thermoanesthesia on the ipsilateral side of the face (nucleus and spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve);
o vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and nystagmus (vestibular nuclei);
o ipsilateral Horner syndrome (descending sympathetic fibers);
o ipsilateral cerebellar signs—gait and limb ataxia (cerebellum or inferior cerebellar peduncle);
o contralateral loss of sensations of pain and temperature (spinal lemniscus—spinothalamic tract).
- This part of the brain is concerned with converting recent memory into long term memory.
A. Dentate gyrus
B. Cingulum
C. Amygdala
D. Hippocampus
Hippocampus
- The following provides the nerve supply to the dura mater except
A. vagus nerve
B. trigeminal nerve
C. first three thoracic spinal nerves
D. none of the choices
first three thoracic spinal nerves
Branches of the trigeminal, vagus, and the first three cervical spinal nerves and branches from the sympathetic trunk pass to the dura.
- The term “white matter” refers to the,
A. Neuroglia
B. Cells in the cerebral cortex
C. Nerve fibers embedded in neuroglia
D. Neurons in the brain
Nerve fibers embedded in neuroglia
The CNS interior is organized into gray and white matter. Gray matter, which is gray in color, consists of nerve cells embedded in neuroglia. White matter consists of nerve fibers embedded in neuroglia and is white in color because of the presence of lipid material in nerve fiber myelin sheaths.
- Which fibers cross at the level of the optic chiasm?
A. Both nasal and temporal fibers
B. Inferior quadrant of the optic nerve
C. Nasal fibers of the optic nerve
D. Temporal fibers of the optic nerve
Nasal fibers of the optic nerve
The anterolateral corners of the chiasma are continuous with the optic nerves, and the posterolateral corners are continuous with the optic tracts. A small recess, the optic recess of the third ventricle, lies on its superior surface.
- Upon closure of the neural tube, the skin above it separates and the cells that formed the margins of the neural tube separates and lies between the tube and the ectoderm, these important cells form the,
A. Notochord
B. Mesoderm 1
C. Neural plate
D. Neural crest
Neural crest
Neural crest cells migrate to various parts of the body and give rise to various structures such as the sensory ganglia of the cranial and spinal nerves, adrenal medulla, pigment cells of the skin, and many other tissues.
- Involved in arousing consciousness through cutaneous stimulation
A. Spinoreticular tract
B. Anterior spinothalamic tract
C. Lateral spinothalamic tract
D. Dorsal spinocerebellar tract
Spinoreticular tract
The spinoreticular tract provides an afferent pathway for the reticular formation, which plays an important role in influencing levels of consciousness.
- The following are found in the wall of the cavernous sinus except:
A. Trochlear
B. Trigeminal, mandibular branch
C. Oculomotor
D. Trigeminal, maxillary branch
Trigeminal, mandibular branch
The cavernous sinus is directly related to the side of the body of the sphenoid.
It carries in its lateral wall the third and fourth cranial nerves and the ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the fifth cranial nerve. The internal carotid artery and the sixth cranial nerve pass forward through the sinus.
- The heart muscle is innervated by,
A. Sympathetic nervous system
B. Parasympathetic nervous system
C. sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
D. Peripheral nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and contractility, while the parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate and contractility. These two systems work together to maintain proper heart function. The peripheral nervous system includes all the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, and it includes both the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.
- Periosteum covering the inner surface of the skull bone
A. arachnoid mater
B. dura mater-meningeal layer
C. pia mater
D. dura mater-endosteal layer
dura mater-endosteal layer
The periosteum covering the inner surface of the skull bone is called the dura mater-endosteal layer.
The dura mater is the toughest and most durable of the three layers of the meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord.
It consists of two layers: the endosteal layer, which is attached to the inner surface of the skull bone, and the meningeal layer, which is located beneath the endosteal layer. The other two meningeal layers are the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.
- The cells of the neural crest migrate ventro-laterally to form the,
A. Notochord
B. Autonomic ganglia
C. Posterior root ganglia
D. All of the choices
E. Sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves
All of the choices
This strip of ectoderm is called the neural crest subsequently, this group of cells will migrate ventrolaterally on each side around the neural tube. Ultimately, the neural crest cells will differentiate into the cells of the posterior root ganglia, the sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves, autonomic ganglia, the cells of the suprarenal medulla, and the melanocytes. It is also believed that these cells give rise to mesenchymal cells in the head and neck.
- Small sickle-shaped fold of dura mater attached to the internal occipital crest and projects between the two cerebellar hemispheres
A. diaphragma sellae
B. falx cerebelli
C. falx cerebri
D. tentorium cerebelli
E. falx cerebelli
The falx cerebelli, a small, sickle-shaped fold of dura mater attached to the internal occipital crest, projects forward between the two cerebellar hemispheres.
The diaphragma sellae is a small, circular fold of dura mater that forms the roof for the sella turcica.
The falx cerebri is a sickle-shaped fold of dura mater that lies in the midline between the two cerebral hemispheres
The tentorium cerebelli is a crescent-shaped fold of dura mater that roofs over the posterior cranial fossa.
- Which is CORRECT among the following statements concerning the hypothalamohypophyseal tract?
A. The hormones travel through the dendrites of neurons with carbohydrate molecule.
B. Vasopressin is produced from the nerve cells of the posterior hypothalamic nuclei.
C. Oxytocin inhibits uterine contraction.
D. On reaching the axon terminals, the hormones are absorbed in the bloodstream in the capillaries of the posterior lobe of the hypophysis.
On reaching the axon terminals, the hormones are absorbed in the bloodstream in the capillaries of the posterior lobe of the hypophysis.
The hormones are passed along the axons together with carrier proteins called neurophysins and are released at the axon terminals. Here, the hormones are absorbed into the bloodstream in fenestrated capillaries of the posterior lobe of the hypophysis.
- This vascular territory supplies most of the inferior surface of the cerebral hemisphere, occipital lobe and corpus callosum
A. Posterior cerebral artery
B. Middle cerebral artery
C. Posterior communicating artery
D. Anterior cerebral artery
Posterior cerebral artery
The posterior cerebral artery curves laterally and backward around the midbrain and is joined by the posterior communicating branch of the internal carotid artery.
· Cortical branches supply the inferolateral and medial surfaces of the temporal lobe and the lateral and medial surfaces of the occipital lobe. Thus, the posterior cerebral artery supplies the visual cortex.
· Central branches pierce the brain substance and supply parts of the thalamus and the lentiform nucleus as well as the midbrain, the pineal, and the medial geniculate bodies.
· A choroidal branch enters the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle and supplies the choroid plexus; it also supplies the choroid plexus of the third ventricle.
- The control of skeletal muscle, somatic and visceral sensation, autonomic nervous system, endocrine system and circadian rhythms is achieved by the
A. Reticular Formation
B. Hypothalamus
C. Reticular Formation and Hypothalamus
D. Limbic system and Hypothalamus
E. Reticular Formation and Hypothalamus
The reticular formation, as its name would suggest, resembles a net (reticular) that is made up of nerve cells and nerve fibers. The net extends up through the axis of the central nervous system from the spinal cord to the cerebrum. It is strategically placed among the important nerve tracts and nuclei. It receives input from most of the sensory systems and has efferent fibers that descend and influence nerve cells at all levels of the central nervous system. The exceptionally long dendrites of the neurons of the reticular formation permit input from widely placed ascending and descending pathways. Through its many connections, it can influence skeletal muscle activity, somatic and visceral sensations, the autonomic and endocrine systems, and even the level of consciousness
- Regarding the neurotransmission in the Basal Ganglia, which of the following is CORRECT?
A. The substantia nigra pars compact inhibits the direct pathway via the D1 receptors
B. Glutamate is the major inhibitory of the basal ganglia
C. GABA is the major neurotransmitter released in the striatal projections to the globus pallidus and in globus pallidus interna projections to the thalamus
D. D1 receptors are primarily found on neurons involved in the indirect pathway, and D2 receptors involved in the direct pathway
GABA is the major neurotransmitter released in the striatal projections to the globus pallidus and in globus pallidus interna projections to the thalamus
A. The substantia nigra pars compacta actually promotes the direct pathway via the release of dopamine, which binds to D1 receptors on neurons in the striatum.
B. Glutamate is actually the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the basal ganglia.
D. D1 receptors are primarily found on neurons involved in the direct pathway, while D2 receptors are primarily found on neurons involved in the indirect pathway.
- TRUE or FALSE? The Globose-Emboliform-Rubral Pathway crosses twice, once in the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle and again the rubrospinal tract causing the globose and emboliform nuclei to influence the motor activity on the same side of the body.
A. True
B. False
True
Globose-Emboliform-Rubral Pathway
Axons of neurons in the globose and emboliform nuclei travel through the superior cerebellar peduncle and cross the midline to the opposite side in the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles (Fig. 6-12). The fibers end by synapsing with cells of the contralateral red nucleus, which give rise to axons of the rubrospinal tract.
Thus, it is seen that this pathway crosses twice, once in the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle and again in the rubrospinal tract close to its origin. By this means, the globose and emboliform nuclei influence motor activity on the same side of the body.
- The ascending tracts terminate in the
A. The thalamus
B. Post-central somesthetic cortex of the forebrain
C. Third order neurons
D. Second order neurons
The thalamus
- When a stimulus is applied to a receptor it causes a change in the electrical potential of the plasma membrane of the cell of the receptor, which can be a nerve ending, the process of change in the form of energy is called,
A. Transformation
B. Transduction
C. Transposition
D. Polarization
Transduction
Transduction is the process by which one form of energy (the stimulus) is changed into another form of energy (electrochemical energy of the nerve impulse). The stimulus, when applied to the receptor, brings about a change in potential of the plasma membrane of the nerve ending.
- The following statement/s regarding the white matter fibers of the cerebellum is/are
CORRECT:
A. The afferent fibers enter the cerebellum mainly through the inferior cerebellar peduncle and middle cerebellar peduncles
B. The intrinsic fibers leave the cerebellum and connect to different regions of the organ
C. Fibers from all the intracerebellar nuclei leave through the superior cerebellar peduncle
The afferent fibers enter the cerebellum mainly through the inferior cerebellar peduncle and middle cerebellar peduncles
The intrinsic fibers do not leave the cerebellum but connect different regions of the organ. Some interconnect folia of the cerebellar cortex and vermis on the same side; others connect the two cerebellar hemispheres together.
The intracerebellar nuclei are composed of large, multi- polar neurons with simple branching dendrites. The axons form the cerebellar outflow in the superior and inferior cerebellar peduncles
- Which of the following statements regarding the cerebellar cortex is INCORRECT?
A. Scattered throughout the purkinje layer are Golgi cells
B. The axons of the Purkinie cells from the efferent fibers from the cerebellar cortex
C. The Purkinje cells are large Golgi type I neurons
D. The molecular layer contains the stellate and basket cells
The axons of the Purkinie cells from the efferent fibers from the cerebellar cortex
The axons of the Purkinje cells form the efferent fibers from the cerebellar cortex
- Which among the following nuclei is confined only to the medial zone?
A. tuberomammillary nucleus
B. supraoptic nucleus
C. paraventricular nucleus
D. lateral tuberal nuclei
paraventricular nucleus
