LE3 - NeuroAna (2024) COPY Flashcards
This structure is a cell station to all main sensory systems except the Olfactory System. This is the –
- Somisthetic cortex
- Thalamus
- Subthalamus
- Pulvinar
Thalamus
This type of cell in the cerebellar cortex takes part in the formation of glomerulus:
* Basket cell
* Stellate cell
* Purkinje cell
* Golgi type cell
Golgi type cell
This origin of this afferent cerebellar fiber arise from nerve cells of many areas of the cerebral cortex, particularly the sensorimotor areas.
* Corticopontocerebellar tract
* Cuneocerebellar tract
* Cerebro-olivocerebellar tract
* Cerebroreticulocerebellar tract
Cerebroreticulocerebellar tract
Lesions that interrupt the visual pathway at the Chiasma Opticum, such as pituitary gland tumors compressing the chiasma can result in visual defects known as:
* Homonymous hemianopsia
* Bitemporal hemianopsia
* Quadrantanopsia
* Tubular vision
Bitemporal hemianopsia
Bilateral Hemianopsia
It is manifested in patients with Pituitary Gland enlargement (Compression of OPTIC CHIASM); Blindness on both sides, only the middle part
Bilateral-> both sides
Hemi->half
-anopsia->blindness
Lesions behind the optic chiasm cause a field defect in the temporal field of one eye, together with a field defect in the nasal (medial) field of the other eye. The result is a homonymous hemianopsia in which the visual field defect is on the side opposite the lesion
Because Meyer’s loop carries optic radiation fibers representing the upper part of the contralateral field, temporal lobe lesions can produce a visual field deficit involving the contralateral superior (“pie in the sky”) quadrant. This visual field defect is called a superior quadrantanopsia.
This structure connects the cerebellum to the medulla:
* Brachium conjuctivum
* Brachium pontis
* Restiform body
* Cerebral peduncle
Restiform body
Superior cerebellar peduncle/ Brachium conjunctivum: cerebellum to midbrain
Middle cerebellar peduncle/ Brachium pontis: cerebellum to pons
Inferior cerebellar peduncle/ Restiform body: cerebellum to medulla
Loss of recent memory is associated with destruction of this part of the limbic system:
* Reticular formation
* Hippocampus
* Amygdala
* Dentate nucleus
Hippocampus
Thalamic Nucleus : ANTERIOR (SHORT/ RECENT MEMORY)
Input/Afferent Neuronal loop :
Mammilothalamic tract, cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus, hippocampus
Output/ Effent Neuronal loop:
Cingulate gyrus, Hypothalamus
Function: Emotional tone, mechanisms of recent memory (Part - of the Papez Circuit of Emotion (limbic system) )
Which type of hydrocephalus is secondary to a blockage within the ventricular system?
* Non communicating hydrocephalus
* Communicating hydrocephalus
* Non obstructive hydrocephalus
* None from the choices
Non communicating hydrocephalus
HYDROCEPHALUS
* Abnormal increase in the volume of CSF
* accompanied by increased CSF pressure
TYPES:
NON-COMMUNICATING
due to blockage at some point between its formation at the choroid plexus and its exit through the foramina in the roof of 4th ventricle; Associated with congenital malformations ex. Aqueductal stenosis; tumors
COMMUNICATING
No obstruction within or to outflow from the ventricular system; the CSF freely reaches the subarachnoid space and is found to be under increased pressure; Associated with hemorrhages or infections
The Purkinje cells are _________ to intracerebellar nuclei:
Inhibitory
Excitatory
Inhibitory
This gland has no nerve cells, but adrenergic sympathetic fibers derived from the superior cervical ganglion enter the gland and run in association with its blood vessels. This is the -
Habenula
Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Pineal gland
This collection of gray masses, the corpus striatum, amygdala and claustrum, which is important for skilled motor activity is also known as
Basal ganglia
Globus pallidus
Putamen Subthalamus
Subthalamus
Basal ganglia
Which of the following structures form the roof of the lateral ventricles?
Septum pellucidum
Fornix
Thalamus
Corpus callosum
Corpus callosum
This layer is composed of pyramidal cells whose cell body size increases from the superficial to the deeper border of the layer. The apical dendrites pass into the molecular layer and the axons enter the white matter as projection and association or commissural fibers. This is the -
* External granular layer
* External pyramidal layer
* Internal granular layer
* Molecular layer
External pyramidal layer
In the Globose-Emboliform-Rubral Pathway, the axons in the globose and emboliform nuclei decussate in the –
* Caudate medulla
* Superior cerebellar peduncle
* Middle cerebellar peduncle
* Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Superior cerebellar peduncle
This structure controls and integrates the functions of the Autonomic Nervous System, the Endocrine System, plays a role in maintaining homeostasis, regulation of osmolarity, body temperature and
reproductive cycles, behaviour and emotions. This is the -
* Hypothalamus
* Limbic System
* Amygdala
* Pineal Gland
Hypothalamus
The following statements are true about papilledema, except
* It is secondary to a sudden rise in in intracranial pressure
* It is due to the compression of the retinal vein
* It may be caused by an intracranial tumor
* It may lead to optic atrophy and blindness
It is secondary to a sudden rise in in intracranial pressure
In the Dentatholamic pathway, fibers end by synapsing with cells in the –
- ipsilateral ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus
- contralateral ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus
- ipsilateral ventromedial nucleus of thalamus
- contralateral ventromedial nucleus of thalamus
contralateral ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus
This area is located in the inferior frontal gyrus between the anterior and descending rami and the ascending and posterior rami of the lateral fissure. In majority of people this area is important on the left
side because of its cerebral dominance and lesions in this area will result in a severe loss of speech. This is the
* Wernicke’s area of sensory language
* Broca’s area
* Primary Somesthetic area
* Forel’s fields
Broca’s area
The following are correct regarding climbing fibers, EXCEPT:
* A single Purkinje neuron makes synaptic contact with only one climbing fiber
* They pass through the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex
* They are excitatory to the Purkinje cells
* They are the terminal fibers of all cerebellar afferent tracts
They are the terminal fibers of all cerebellar afferent tracts
True of cerebrospinal fluid:
* Clear viscous fluid
* Contains 0-10cells, mostly neutrophilic
* Glucose content is 60% of plasma glucose
* Protein content is 60mg/dL
Glucose content is 60% of plasma glucose
The most medial intracerebellar nuclei:
* dentate nucleus
* globose nucleus
* fastigial nucleus
* emboliform nucleus
fastigial nucleus
This area is localized in the left (dominant) hemisphere sometimes called “eloquent brain” mainly in the superior temporal gyrus with extensions around the posterior end of the lateral sulcus into the parietal region. This is the –
* Broca’s area
* Primary auditory area
* Sensory speech area of Wernicke
* Supplementary motor area
Sensory speech area of Wernicke
This layer of the cerebellar cortex contains the basket cells and stellate cells:
* Molecular layer
* Purkinje layer
* Golgi cell layer
* Granule cell layer
Molecular layer
Brodmann’s area 17 is situated in the walls of the posterior part of the calcarine sulcus and occasionally extends around the occipital pole onto the lateral surface of the hemisphere. This area is the -
* Primary visual area
* Primary speech area
* Secondary speech area
* Auditory area
Primary visual area
- Primary visual area - BA 17 - V1
- Primary speech area/ Motor speech area - BA 44 & 45 (Broca’s area)
- Secondary speech area/ Sensory or Receptive Speech area - BA 22 (Wernicke’s Area)
- Auditory area - BA 41 & 42
These deeply placed continuous network of nerve cells and fibers that extend from the spinal cord through the medulla, pons, midbrain, subthalamus, hypothalamus contain highly organized groups of transmitter specific cells necessary for conscious behaviour and activities. This is called the -
* Limbic System
* the ARAS
* the ANS
* the EPMS
the ARAS
This structure covers the superior surface of the diencephalon, it is a thick bundle of fibers originating in the hippocampus, arches superiorly over the thalamus to join the mammillary body. This is the –
* Caudate nucleus
* Fornix
* Corpus callosum
* Internal capsule
Fornix
What is the arterial supply of the infarcted lobe?
* Anterior cerebral artery
* Middle cerebral artery
* Posterior cerebral artery
* Basilar artery
Middle cerebral artery
This structure consists of the Third Ventricle and its boundaries and extends posteriorly to the opening of the Aqueduct of Sylvius, this is the:
* Telencephalon
* Mesencephalon
* Diencephalon
* Myelencephalon
Diencephalon
This system by way of the Hypothalamus and its connections with the outflow tract of the ANS and its control of the endocrine system influence reactions of fear, rage, emotions and reproductive behavior of animals. This is the -
* Limbic System
* Hippocampus
* Amygdala
* Pineal body
Limbic System
Localize the intraparenchymal hemorrhage:
* Lentiform nucleus
* Caudate nucleus
* Thalamus
* Fronto-parietal lobes
Lentiform nucleus
The fibers of the fastigial nucleus leave through this structure:
* superior cerebellar peduncle
* middle cerebellar peduncle
* inferior cerebellar peducle
* cerebral peduncle
inferior cerebellar peducle
This is due to ataxia of muscles of the larynx :
* Dysmetria
* Dysdiadochokinesia
* Dysarthria
* Dyssynergia
Dysarthria
Dysarthria is a speech disorder that occurs due to problems with the muscles involved in speech production, including the muscles of the lips, tongue, palate, throat, and larynx
Dysmetria is a condition where there is a lack of coordination of movement that results in overshooting or undershooting of a target.
Dysdiadochokinesia refers to difficulty in performing rapidly alternating movements
dyssynergia refers to a lack of coordination between different muscle groups during movement.
These terms are also associated with ataxia, which is a general term used to describe a lack of coordination and control of voluntary movements.
This structure bounds the lateral surface of the diencephalon and is made of fibers that connect the cerebral cortex with other parts of the brainstem and the spinal cord. This is the -
* Thalamus
* Internal capsule
* Corpus striatum
* Claustrum
Internal capsule
In the posterior parietal cortex, visual information from the posterior occipital cortex and the sensory input of touch and pressure and proprioception from the anterior parietal cortex are integrated into concepts of size, form, texture. This ability or function is called -
* Stereognosis
* Topognosis
* 2-point discrimination
* Diadochokinesis
Stereognosis
Choroid plexus may be found in the following structures, except:
* Lateral ventricles
* Third ventricle
* Fourth ventricle
* Cerebral aqueduct
Cerebral aqueduct
The sulci of the brain separate the folds of brain, the most important of these lies anterior to the gyrus containing motor cells that initiate movements in the opposite side of the body. This is the –
* Interparietal sulcus
* Precentral sulcus
* Central sulcus
* Postcentral sulcus
Central sulcus
Because this commissure interconnects two hemispheres and functions to transfer information from one side to the other, lesions here cause loss of left to right discrimination, loss of memory, deficits in interpreting sensory experience. This is the
* Anterior commissure
* Posterior commissure
* Corpus callosum
* Fornix
Corpus callosum
Which of the following statements is/are CORRECT regarding the function of the Cerebellum?
* The cerebellum stimulates the contraction of the antagonistic muscles.
* The cerebellum directly influences the skeletal muscle without the assistance of the cerebral cortex
* The cerebellum influences the actions of the muscles.
* All are correct
The cerebellum influences the actions of the muscles.
This functional area of the cerebellar cortex is/are concerned with planning of sequential movements of entire body
* Intermediate zone of cerebellar hemisphere
* Lateral zone of each cerebellar hemisphere
* Cortex of vermis
* All are correct
Lateral zone of each cerebellar hemisphere
True of Cerebellum, except:
* It is covered superiorly by the tentorium cerebelli
* It contributes to the floor of the fourth ventricle
* It is the largest part of the hindbrain
* The gray matter of the cortex throughout its extent has a uniform structure
It contributes to the floor of the fourth ventricle
Destructive lesions in the Wernicke’s speech area results in a loss of the ability to understand spoken and written language. This disability is called -
* Receptive aphasia
* Global aphasia
* Agraphia
* Dyslexia
Receptive aphasia
Which cerebellar efferent pathway exerts a facilitatory influence on the ipsilateral extensor muscle tone?
* Globose-emboliform-rubral pathway
* Dentatothalamic pathway
* Fastigial vestibular pathway
* Fastigial reticular pathway
Fastigial vestibular pathway
All of the afferent fibers from the inner ear terminate as mossy fibers in this part of the cerebellum:
* Anterior lobe
* Posterior lobe
* Flocculonodular lobe
* Vermis
Anterior lobe
The following areas do not have the blood brain barrier, except:
* Area postrema
* Tuber cinereum
* Pineal gland
* Anterior lobe of pituitary
* None from the choices
Tuber cinereum
These are the terminal fibers of the olivocerebellar tracts:
* Transverse fibers
* Intrinsic fibers
* Mossy fibers
* Climbing fibers
Climbing fibers
Which of the following is the correct order of the flow of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricular svstem?
* Lateral ventricle to aqueduct of sylvius to third ventricle to fourth ventricle
* Lateral ventricles to third ventricle to foramen of monro to fourth ventricle
* Lateral ventricles to third ventricle to fourth ventricle to foramen of monro to central canal
* Lateral ventricles to third ventricle to fourth ventricle to foramen of luschka to pontine cistern
Lateral ventricles to third ventricle to foramen of monro to fourth ventricle
Connects the cerebellum to the midbrain
A. Brachium conjunctivum
B. Brachium pontis
C. Restiform body
D. Cerebral peduncle
A. Brachium conjunctivum
This functional subdivision controls eye movement and body equilibrium
A. Cerebrocerebellum
B. Pontocerebellum
C. Vestibulocerebellum
D. Spinocerebellum
C. Vestibulocerebellum
The inability to perform rapid alternating muscle movement
A. Dysdiadochokenesia
B. Dysmeria
C. Ataxia
D. Dyssynergia
A. Dysdiadochokenesia
Axons of neurons in the dentothalamic pathways travel through the middle cerebellar peduncle and cross to the opposite side of decussate
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
B. FALSE
All these tracts enter the inferior cerebellar peduncle, except
A. Dorsal spinocerebellar
B. Olivocerebellar
C. Pontocerebellar
D. Cuneocerebellar
C. Pontocerebellar
Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the gross appearance of the cerebellum?
A. The third ventricle is anterior to the cerebellum
B. It is separated from the occipital lobes by the tentorium cerebelli
C. It overlies the ventral surface of the pons and medulla
D. All are correct
B. It is separated from the occipital lobes by the tentorium cerebelli
These are the terminal fibers of the olivocerebellar tracts
A. Mossy fibers
B. Climbing fibers
C. Mossy and climbing fibers
D. Transverse fibers
B. Climbing fibers
The axons of the second order neuron of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract terminate uncrossed the cerebellar cortex
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
A. TRUE
The most lateral deep cerebellar nuclei is
A. Globose nucleus
B. Emboliform nucleus
C. Fastigial nucleus
D. Dentate nucleus
D. Dentate nucleus
In the fastigial vestibular pathway, the axons of neurons in the fastigial nucleus travel though the inferior cerebellar peduncle and end by projecting on the neurons of the
A. Inferior vestibular nucleus
B. Superior vestibular nucleus
C. Lateral vestibular nucleus
D. Medial vestibular nucleus
C. Lateral vestibular nucleus
- The ff statements are true about the dura mater except
a. The inferior sagittal sinus can be found in the lower concave free margin of the falx cerebri
b. The endosteal layer is the periosteum covering the inner skull
c. The falx cerebri is a crescent shaped fold of dura mater that covers upper cerebellum and supports the occipital lobe
d. The two layers are closely attached except along lines where they separate to from venous sinuses
c. The falx cerebri is a crescent shaped fold of dura mater that covers upper cerebellum and supports the occipital lobe
The choroid plexus can be found in the ff except:
a. Cerebral aqueduct
b. Lateral ventricles
c. Third ventricle
d. Fourth ventricle
a. Cerebral aqueduct
The crus cerebri contains the descending tracts and it is separated from the tegmentum by the
a. Medial longitudinal fasciculus
b. Red nucleus
c. Superior cerebellar peduncle
d. Substantia nigra
d. Substantia nigra
The axons from this cell provide the only output of the cerebellar cortex
a. Granule
b. Basket
c. Golgi
d. Purkinje
e. Stellate
d. Purkinje
The ff intracranial arteries are part of the Posterior circulation except:
a. Basilar artery
b. Posterior cerebral artery
c. Vertebral arteries
d. Posterior communicating
artery
d. Posterior communicating
artery
This is a large C-shaped mass of gray matter situated lateral to the thalamus separated by a band of white matter from the corpus striatum. This is the-
a. Fornix
b. Habenula
c. Cingulate gyrus
d. Caudate nucleus
d. Caudate nucleus
Which of the ff pathways do not decussate?
a. Cuneate fasciculus
b. Spinothalamic tract
c. Medial corticospinal tract
d. Lateral corticospinal tract
c. Medial corticospinal tract
- The ff clinical features are seen in Lateral Medullary Syndrome, except:
a. Nystagmus
b. Dysphagia & dysphonia
c. Contralateral loss of facial pain and temperature sensation
d. Ipsilateral Homer’s syndrome
c. Contralateral loss of facial pain and temperature sensation
The ligamentum dentaculu of the spinal cord is formed by which meningeal layer?
a. Arachnoid
b. Pia mater
c. Dura mater
b. Pia mater
This is a wedge-shaped mass of gray matter in the cerebral hemisphere next to the internal capsule and the external capsule which separates it from the claustrum. This is the
a. Caudate nucleus
b. Insula
c. Thalamus
d. Lentiform nucleus
d. Lentiform nucleus
These are the receiving input of the basal ganglia/nuclei:
a. Globus pallidus interna and Globus pallidus externa
b. Thalamus
c. Caudate and Putamen
d. Putamen and Globus pallidus
c. Caudate and Putamen
The afferent stimuli of the of the ANS originate in visceral receptors, travel by the afferent pathways to the CNS, they are integrated at different levels by -
a. Association neurons
b. Intersegmental neurons
c. Connector neurons
d. Intrasegmental neurons
c. Connector neurons
The ff statement/s regarding the white matter fibers of the cerebellum is/are CORRECT:
a. Fibers from all the intracerebellar nuclei leave through the superior cerebellar peduncle
b. All statements are correct
c. The intrinsic fibers leave the cerebellum and connect to different regions of the organ
d. The afferent fibers enter the cerebellum mainly through the inferior cerebellar peduncle and middle cerebellar peduncles
d. The afferent fibers enter the cerebellum mainly through the inferior cerebellar peduncle and middle cerebellar peduncles
The intracerebellar nuclei are composed of large, multi- polar neurons with simple branching dendrites. The axons form the cerebellar outflow in the superior and inferior cerebellar peduncles.
Superior cerebellar peduncle (DAG) : Dentate, Emboliform, Globose Nuclei
Inferior cerebellar peduncle (F): Fastigal Nuclei
The of the thalamus forms part of the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle
a. Lateral surface
b. Posterior surface
c. Medial surface
d. Anterior surface
c. Medial surface
This is a network of cells and nerve fibers extending through the axis of the CNS from the spinal cord to the cerebrum that controls skeletal muscle activity, the ANS, endocrine system, diurnal rhythms. This is the –
a. Hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis
b. Hypothalamus
c. Limbic system
d. Ascending reticular activating system
a. Hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis
It influences motor activities and lies on the pathway between corpus striatum & motor areas of frontal cortex
a. Pulvinar
b. Ventral anterior nucleus
c. Ventral lateral nucleus
d. Dorsal posterior nucleus
c. Ventral lateral nucleus
This part of the diencephalon extends from the optic chiasma to the caudal border of the mammillary body and controls extensive functions in the body to maintain homeostasis. This is the -
a. Hypothalamus
b. Ascending reticular activating system
c. Limbic system
d. Autonomic nervous system
a. Hypothalamus
The lateral gray column of the spinal cord and the motor nuclei of the Illrd, VIlth, IXth, Xth cranial nerves are cell bodies of -
a. Preganglionic neurons of the afferent pathways
b. Postganglionic neurons of the efferent pathways
c. Postganglionic neurons of the afferent pathways
d. Preganglionic neurons of the efferent pathways
d. Preganglionic neurons of the efferent pathways
A 70 y/o female developed sudden onset blurring of vision. On visual field assessment, the ff was noted.
Where is the lesion?
a. Inferior wall of the left calcarine sulcus
b. Superior wall of the left calcarine sulcus
c. Superior wall of the right calcarine sulcus
d. Inferior wall of the right
calcarine sulcus
b. Superior wall of the left calcarine sulcus
- This region forms the core of the cerebrum and its important parts surround the Third Ventricle -
a. Tegmentum
b. Telencephalon
c. Tectum
d. Diencephalon
d. Diencephalon
This structure in the limbic lobe is concerned with the conversion of recent memory to long-term memory.
This is the -
a. Parahippocampal gyrus
b. Indusium grisium
c. Uncus
d. Hippocampus
d. Hippocampus
The white matter of the cerebrum is composed of nerve fiber groups, commissural fibers and projection fibers and one more group of fibers that interconnect between groups of nuclei which is the -
a. Habenula
b. Internal capsule
c. Corona radiata
d. Association fibers
d. Association fibers
Which of the ff statements regarding the cerebellar cortex is
INCORRECT?
a. The molecular layer contains the stellate and basket cells
b. Scattered throughout the purkinje layer are Golgi cells
c. The Purkinje cells are large
Golgi type 1 neurons
d. The axons of the Purkinje cells from the efferent fibers from the cerebellar cortex
d. The axons of the Purkinje cells from the efferent fibers from the cerebellar cortex
Vascular supply for the anterior tip of the temporal lobe and inferolateral frontal lobe:
a. Anterior cerebral artery
b. Middle cerebral artery
c. Basilar artery
d. Posterior cerebral artery
b. Middle cerebral artery
The major output pathway of the limbic system is the -
a. Corpus callosum
b. Fornix
c. Habenula
d. Hypothalamus
d. Hypothalamus
The vertebral artery, the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, the PICA, the basilar artery, main supply the -
a. Cervical cord
b. Cerebellum
c. Pons
d. Medulla
d. Medulla
- The ff are normal cerebrospinal fluid parameters except
a. Cell count 3, neutrophils
b. Opening pressure of 15 cm
HO
c. None of the choices
d. Protein 40mg/100mL
c. None of the choices
Space in the spinal cord that contains CSF and blood vessels within web-like strands of arachnoid tissue
a. Arachnoid
b. Subarachnoid
c. Epidural
d. Subdural
b. Subarachnoid
Which if the ff statements are correct regarding the midbrain?
a. The interpeduncular fossa is bounded laterally by the cerebellar peduncles
b. The oculomotor nucleus is seen at the level of the inferior colliculus
c. The trochlear nucleus is situated in the central gray matter at the level of the inferior colliculus
d. The tegmentum lies anterior to the substantia nigra
c. The trochlear nucleus is situated in the central gray matter at the level of the inferior colliculus
The cerebral cortex has six layers and this layer contains large and medium-sized pyramidal cells among which are scattered stellate and Martinotti cells. This is the -
a. Internal granular layer
b. External granular layer
c. Ganglionic cell layer
d. External pyramidal layer
c. Ganglionic cell layer
In the somatotropic arrangement of the spinal cord fibers for that of the moto segments, where would fibers for the upper limb be located compared to that of the lower limb on a cross-section of the spinal cord?
a. Posteriorly
b. Anteriorly
c. Laterally
d. Medially
b. Anteriorly
These nerve cells transmit impulses to the skeletal muscles
a. Lower motor neurons
b. Tract cells
c. Neuroglia
d. Sensory neurons
a. Lower motor neurons
These fibers connect the first motor speech area and the gyri in the inferior surface of the frontal lobe with the cortex of the temporal lobe.
This is the -
a. Fronto-occipital fasciculus
b. Cingulum
c. Uncinate fasciculus
d. Superior longitudinal fasciculus
c. Uncinate fasciculus
All of the ff structures are seen in the dorsal surface of the medulla, except:
a. Pyramidal decussation
b. Gracile tubercle
c. Floor of the fourth ventricle
d. Posterior median sulcus
a. Pyramidal decussation
- The following clinical features are seen in Lateral Medullary Syndrome, EXCEPT:
* Nystagmus
* Dysphagia & Dysphonia
* Ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome
* Contralateral loss of facial pain and temperature sensation
Contralateral loss of facial pain and temperature sensation
- The following provides the nerve supply to the dura mater except
* vagus nerve
* trigeminal nerve
* first three thoracic spinal nerves
* none of the choices
first three thoracic spinal nerves
The dura mater receives nerve supply from branches of the trigeminal (CN V), vagus (CN X), sympathetic nervous system, and the first three cervical nerves (C1-C3).
- Periosteum covering the inner surface of the skull bone
* arachnoid mater
* dura mater-meningeal layer
* pia mater
* dura mater-endosteal layer
dura mater-endosteal layer
Layers of DURA MATER
ENDOSTEAL LAYER
* periosteum covering the inner surface of skull bones
MENINGEAL LAYER
* Dura mater proper; dense strong fibrous membrane covering the
Brain and is continuous through the Foramen magnum with the Dura Mater of the Spinal cord
4 Septa of Meningeal layer (Dura Matter)
* FALX CEREBRI
* TENTORIUM CEREBELLI
* FALX CEREBELLI
* DIAPHRAGMA SELLA
- Upon closure of the neural tube, the skin above it separates and the cells that formed the margins of the neural tube separates and lies between the tube and the ectoderm, these important cells form the,
* Notochord
* Mesodermn 1
* Neural plate
* Neural crest
Neural crest
Small sickle-shaped fold of dura mater attached to the internal occipital crest and projects between the two cerebellar hemispheres.
* diaphragma sellae
* falx cerebelli
* falx cerebri
* tentorium cerebelli
falx cerebelli
Crescent - shaped fold of Dura mater that roofs over the posterior cranial fossa; covers the upper surface of the Cerebellum and supports the Occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
* diaphragma sellae
* falx cerebelli
* falx cerebri
* tentorium cerebelli
tentorium cerebelli
Sickle-shaped fold of Dura mater that lies in the midline between two cerebral hemispheres. Its narrow anterior end is attached to the Frontal crest and Crista Galli.
* diaphragma sellae
* falx cerebelli
* falx cerebri
* tentorium cerebelli
falx cerebri
Small, circular fold of Dura mater that forms the roof for the Sella turcica.
* diaphragma sellae
* falx cerebelli
* falx cerebri
* tentorium cerebelli
diaphragma sellae
Which is CORRECT among the following statements concerning the hypothalamohypophyseal tract?
* The hormones travel through the dendrites of neurons with carbohydrate molecule.
* Vasopressin is produced from the nerve cells of the posterior hypothalamic nuclei.
* Oxytocin inhibits uterine contraction.
* On reaching the axon terminals, the hormones are absorbed in the bloodstream in the capillaries of the posterior lobe of the hypophysis.
On reaching the axon terminals, the hormones are absorbed in the bloodstream in the capillaries of the posterior lobe of the hypophysis.
This vascular territory supplies most of the inferior surface of the cerebral hemisphere, occipital lobe and corpus callosum
* Posterior cerebral artery
* Middle cerebral artery
* Posterior communicating artery
* Anterior cerebral artery
Posterior cerebral artery
The control of skeletal muscle,somatic and visceral sensation, autonomic nervous system, endocrine system and circadian rhythms is achieved by the
* Reticular Formation
* Hypothalamus
* Reticular Formation and Hypothalamus
* Limbic system and Hypothalamus
Reticular Formation and Hypothalamus
Regarding the neurotransmission in the Basal Ganglia, which of the following is CORRECT?
* The substantia nigra pars compact inhibits the direct pathway via the D1 receptors
* Glutamate is the major inhibitory of the basal ganglia
* GABA is the major neurotransmitter released in the striatal projections to the globus pallidus and in globus pallidus interna projections to the thalamus
* D1 receptors are primarily found on neurons involved in the indirect pathway, and D2 receptors involved in the direct pathway
The substantia nigra pars compact inhibits the direct pathway via the D1 receptors
- TRUE or FALSE? The Globose-Emboliform-Rubral Pathway crosses twice, once in the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle and again the rubrospinal tract causing the globose and emboliform nuclei to influence the motor activity on the same side of the body.
* True
* False
True
- The following statement/s regarding the white matter fibers of the cerebellum is/are
CORRECT:
* The afferent fibers enter the cerebellum mainly through the inferior cerebella peduncle and middle cerebellar peduncles
* The intrinsic fibers leave the cerebellum and connect to different regions of the organ
* Fibers from all the intracerebellar nuclei leave through the superior cerebellar peduncle
The afferent fibers enter the cerebellum mainly through the inferior cerebella peduncle and middle cerebellar peduncles
- Which of the following statements regarding the cerebellar cortex is INCORRECT?
* Scattered throughout the purkinje layer are Golgi cells
* The axons of the Purkinje cells from the efferent fibers from the cerebellar cortex
* The Purkinje cells are large Golgi type I neurons
* The molecular layer contains the stellate and basket cells
The axons of the Purkinje cells from the efferent fibers from the cerebellar cortex
- Which among the following nuclei is confined only to the medial zone?
* tuberomammillary nucleus
* supraoptic nucleus
* paraventricular nucleus
* lateral tuberal nuclei
paraventricular nucleus
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the midbrain?
* The trochlear nucleus is situated in the central gray matter at the level of the inferior colliculus
* The interpeduncular fossa is bounded laterally by the cerebellar peduncles
* The tegmentum lies anterior to the substantia nigra
* The oculomotor nucleus is seen at the level of the inferior coliculus
The trochlear nucleus is situated in the central gray matter at the level of the inferior colliculus
What descending tract comes from the primary motor cortex of the brain?
* Spinotectal Tract
* Lateral Spinothalamic tract
* Anterior Spinothalamic tract
* Corticospinal Tract
Corticospinal Tract
- Which of the following statements regarding the cerebellum is CORRECT?
* The climbing fibers are the terminal fibers of all the cerebellar afferent tracts
* The afferent fibers are inhibitory to the Purkinie cells
* The climbing fibers make single synaptic contact with a single Purkinje neuron
* The climbing and mossy fibers constitute the input to the cortex and both are excitatory to the Purkinje
The climbing and mossy fibers constitute the input to the cortex and both are excitatory to the Purkinje
The climbing and the mossy fibers constitute the two main lines of input to the cortex and are excitatory to the Purkinje cells
- Thin vascular membrane that closely invests the brain and descends into the deepest sulci
* Arachnoid Mater
* Pia mater
* Dura mater- endosteal layel
* Dura mater- meningeal layer
- Pia mater
