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Clin Med III Disease Key Notes > Neuroanatomy (Exam #3) > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy (Exam #3) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of meninges and in what order (closest to brain → closest to skull)?

A
  1. Pia (closest to brain)
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Dura (closest to skull)
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2
Q

What vessel(s) are affected with an Epidural Hematoma, and how does this appear on imaging?

A
  • Middle Meningeal a.

- Lens-shaped on imaging

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3
Q

What vessel(s) are affected with an Subdural Hematoma, and how does this appear on imaging?

A
  • Bridging veins

- Crescent-shaped on imaging

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4
Q

What occurs an Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, and how does this appear on imaging?

A

Aneurysm

- Crab-shaped on imaging

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5
Q

With ANTERIOR circulation in the brain, how does the R side differ from the L side?

A
  • R = Aorta → Brachiocephalic a. → R Common Carotid a.

- L = Aorta → L Common Carotid a.

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6
Q

What are the primary vessels of the POSTERIOR circulation in the brain?

A

Vertebral aa. (L and R)

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7
Q

What four nerves and which artery runs through the Cavernous Sinus?

A
  • CN III
  • CN IV
  • CN VI
  • CN V (1 and 2)
  • Internal Carotid a.
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8
Q

What two deficits may be seen if the Cavernous Sinus is compromised?

A
  • Ophthalmoplegia (decreased EOMs)

- Decreased facial sensation

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9
Q

What function is primarily seen with the frontal lobe? Which cortex is included in the frontal lobe, and what is its function?

A

Motor (voluntary)

- Motor cortex = movement

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10
Q

What function is primarily seen with the parietal lobe? Which cortex is included in the parietal lobe, and what is its function?

A

Perception (temperature, taste, touch, movement)

- Sensory cortex = sensation

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11
Q

What function is primarily seen with the occipital lobe?

A

Vision

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12
Q

What function is primarily seen with the temporal lobe?

A

Language

- Also memory and auditory processing

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13
Q

What are the three sections of the Brainstem, and what CN are seen in each (3, 3, 4)?

Which CN is seen at a junction and what is this junction called?

A
  • Midbrain: II, III, IV
  • Pons: V, VI, VII
  • Medulla: IX, X, XI, XII

CN VIII is at the Pons/Medulla junction

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14
Q

What does “crossed signs” mean and where is this seen?

A

Brainstem

  • Ipsilateral CN deficits
  • Contralateral body weakness
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15
Q

What is ipsilateral CN deficits and contralateral body weakness?

A

“Crossed signs”

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16
Q

If the Conus Medullaris and/or Cauda Equina are affected, what three sxs/deficits may be seen?

A
  • Pain
  • Weakness
  • Bladder/bowel dysfunction
17
Q

What are the four components of the Central NS?

A
  • Cortex (UMN)
  • Subcortical
  • Brainstem
  • Cerebellum
  • Spinal Cord
18
Q

What are the five components of the Peripheral NS?

A
  • Lower Motor Neuron (LMN)
  • Peripheral Nerves
  • NMJ
  • Muscle
19
Q

When testing motor, what is the correct protocol?

A

Proximal → distal

20
Q

When testing sensory, what is the correct protocol?

A

Distal → proximal

21
Q

How does an UMN differ from a LMN in presentation?

A

UMN:

  • Spastic weakness
  • Hyperreflexia
  • +Babinski

LMN:

  • Flaccid weakness
  • Hyporeflexia
  • Atrophy
  • Fasciculations
22
Q

What three signs/sxs are seen with an UMN?

A
  • Spastic weakness
  • Hyperreflexia
  • +Babinski
23
Q

What four signs/sxs are seen with a LMN?

A
  • Flaccid weakness
  • Hyporeflexia
  • Atrophy
  • Fasciculations
24
Q

Sxs of aphasia, neglect, hemiparesis/hemisensory involving face/arm vs. leg are indicative of dysfunction of which neuro area?

A

Cortex

25
Q

Sxs of chorea, ballism, tremor, cogwheel), dense hemiplegia are indicative of dysfunction of which neuro area?

A

Subcortical structures

26
Q

Sxs of ataxia and dysmetria of trunk vs. limbs are indicative of dysfunction of which neuro area?

A

Cerebellum

27
Q

Sxs of CN palsies, “crossed signs” are indicative of dysfunction of which neuro area?

A

Brainstem

28
Q

Sxs of sensory level, bladder/bowel involvement, saddle anesthesia are indicative of dysfunction of which neuro area?

A

Spinal Cord

29
Q

Sxs of fasciculations, NO sensory are indicative of dysfunction of which neuro area?

A

Motor Neuron

30
Q

Sxs of distal weakness/sensory (stocking-glove distribution), areflexia vs. hyporeflexia are indicative of dysfunction of which neuro area?

A

Peripheral Neuron

31
Q

Sxs of fatigability, NO sensory are indicative of dysfunction of which neuro area?

A

NMJ

32
Q

Sxs of proximal weakness (symmetric), NO sensory are indicative of dysfunction of which neuro area?

A

Muscle

33
Q

With a cortical injury, how can you differentiate injury to MCA vs. ACA?

A
  • MCA: face/arm > leg

- ACA: leg > arm/face

34
Q

What type of injury involves hemisensory = motor def., aphasia, apraxia, agnosia?

A

Cortex (Cortical)

35
Q

What type of injury involves dense unilateral motor or sensory deficit; movement disorders?

A

Subcortical

36
Q

If a patient has a lesion of CN XII, how will this present?

A

“Lick your lesion”

- Tongue will go TOWARDS the same side as the lesion

37
Q

How does Cortical vs. Subcortical presentation differ in terms of body parts affected?

A
  • Cortical: face/arm > leg vs. leg > arm/face

- Subcortical: face, arm and leg affected equally

Clin Med III Disease Key Notes (18 decks)

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