neuroanatomy exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
what does the cerebellum do?
A
coordinate ongoing movement
2
Q
what is cerebellar output vital for?
A
normal movement and postural control
3
Q
damage to cerebellum causes
A
degraded coordination of movement and postural control
4
Q
where is the cerebellum located
A
posterior cranial fossa behind pons and medulla
5
Q
what is the tentorium cerebelli
A
separates the cerebellum from the occipital lobe
6
Q
what do you see in place of the middle peduncle in the mid sagittal view?
A
ventricle
7
Q
what can you see in the posterior view of the cerebellum?
A
vermis
8
Q
what can you see in the anterior view of the cerebellum?
A
puduncles
nodulus
flocculus
9
Q
what makes up the spinal cerebellum?
A
vermis
paravermis
10
Q
what does the flocculonodular lobe do?
A
coordination of head and eye
coordination of vestibular
11
Q
what does the spinocerebellum do?
A
connected to spinal cord
coordination of trunk and gross motor movements
12
Q
what does the lateral hemisphere (cerebrocerebellum) do?
A
coordinate distal limbs
13
Q
eqilibrium regulated by
A
vestibulocerebellum
14
Q
gross movements of limbs regulated by
A
spinocerebellum
15
Q
fine, distal, voluntary movements regulated by
A
cerebrocerebellum
16
Q
vestibulocerebellum receives info from
A
vestibular apparatus
vestibular nuclei
17
Q
vestibulocerebellum send info to
A
vestibular nuclei
18
Q
spinocerebellum sends info to
A
vestibular nuclei
reticular nuclei
motor cortex
18
Q
spinocerebellum receives info from
A
spinal cord
vestibular nuclei
19
Q
cerebrocerebellum receives info from
A
cerebral cortex
20
Q
cerebrocerebellum sends info to
A
red nucleus
motor cortex
21
Q
ataxia
A
uncoordinated movement
22
Q
intentional tremors
A
start when intend to move
23
Q
dysdiadochokinesia
A
pronation/supination
will be slow and all over the place
24
dysmetria
distance judgement messed up
25
dysarthria
unclear speech
26
decomposition
tons of steps in the movement
27
lesions to paravermal
gait and limb ataxia
28
lesions to lateral hemisphere
hand ataxia
29
lesions to vermal and flocculonodular
truncal/gait ataxia
nystagmus
30
unilateral lesions of cerebellum affect what side of body
same side
31
was is the basal ganglia
group of nuclei
releases dopamine
32
caudate and putamen
in cerebrum
called striatum together
33
globus pallidus
in cerebrum
lentiform with putamen
34
substantia nigra
in midbrain
35
subthalamic nuclei
inferior to thalamus
36
which BG are output
substantia nigra pars reticulata
globus pallidus internus
37
which BG are input
caudate
putamen
subthalamic
38
motor functions of BG
initiation of movement
suppression of unwanted movements
39
non motor functions of BG
decisions
judgement
prioritization
emotional processing and responses
learning
eye movements
selecting behavior
preventing behavior
40
what are the three layers of meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord?
dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater
41
dura mater
surrounds brain
outer layer bound to inside of skull
42
arachnoid
loosely attached to the dura
43
pia mater
innermost layer
subarachnoid space filled with CSF
44
how many ventricles in the brain for CSF?
4
45
pair of lateral ventricles
3 horns
foramina of monro
46
third ventricle
narrow slit in diencephalon
connected to fourth by cerebral aqueduct
47
fourth ventricle
posterior to pons and medulla
continues through spinal cord as central canal
drains into subarachnoid space
48
where is most CSF secreted?
choroid plexuses
49
how is CSF formed?
from blood filtration, active transport, and facilitated transport of certain subtances
50
describe CSF flow
from lateral vents into third via IV foramina
third to fourth via cerebral aqueduct
exists fourth to subarachnoid space
flows around brain and SC in SAS
absorbed in venous sinuses via arachnoid ville
51
where is CSF primarily formed?
in the ventricles
52
what is the purpose of CSF?
protects CNS by absorbing some physical/mechanical impact
regulated content of extracellular fluid
53
what is the circle of willis?
anastomotic ring of nine arteries that supply the brain
54
what arteries are in the circle of willis?
anterior cerebral arteries
posterior cerebral arteries
anterior communicating artery (only unpaired)
posterior communicating arteries
internal carotid arteries
middle cerebral arteries
55
what two pairs of arteries does the CNS blood supply depend on?
two internal carotid arteries
~anterior circulation
vertebral arteries that form a single basilar artery
~posterior circulation
56
what cerebral hemisphere does the anterior cerebral artery supply?
medial frontal and parietal lobes
anterior caudate
putamen
anterior lim of internal capsule
57
what cerebral hemisphere does the middle cerebral artery supply?
parts of basal ganglia
most of lateral hemisphere
genu of internal capsule
58
what cerebral hemisphere does the posterior cerebral artery supply?
midbrain
occipital lobe
inferomedial temporal lobe
most of thalamus
59
what happens when anterior cerebral artery is occluded?
personality changes with contralateral hemiplegia and hemisensory loss
hemiplegia and hemisensory loss more severe in lower limb
60
what happens when middle cerebral artery is occluded?
homonymous hemiplegia combines with contralateral hemiplegia and hemisensory loss involving upper limb and face
language affected if left hemisphere, nonverbal communication if right
61
what happens when posterior cerebral artery is occluded?
thalamic syndrome, eye movement paresis or paralysis affecting muscles controlling eye movements, cortical blindness, visual agnosia
62
five cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic loop
three cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuits: non motor functions
~goal directed behavior
~social behavior loop
~emotion loop
motor loop (direct and indirect)
oculomotor
63
goal directed loop
evaluating info for making decisions
planning and choosing actions
head of caudate
64
social behavior loop
head of caudate recognizes social cues, regulates self control
65
emotion loop
integrating emotions and facial expression, seeking rewards, predictions
66
oculomotor loop
body of caudate
makes decisions about spatial attention and eye movements
67
motor loops
planning and programming of movement, initiating movement
68
motor loops: direct
from cortex to putamen to thalamus to cortex
initiation of voluntary movement
69
motor loops: indirect
involves the subthalamic nucleus
suppresses unwanted movement
70
subcortical white matter
myelinated axons
subcortical = deep
71
SWM: projection fibers
project out
travel through internal capsule
72
what happens when there is a lesion of the internal capsule?
occlusion/hemorrhage of arteries supplying internal capsule is common
contralateral decrease in voluntary movement
contralateral loss of conscious
73
SWM: commissural fibers
connect homologous areas of cerebral hemispheres
example: corpus callosum
cingulate gyrus surrounds the CC
74
callosotomy
in case of intractable epilepsy
prevents excessive firing form spreading
very rare
could cause conflict between hands, competitive hand movements
75
SWM: association fibers
connect cortical regions within one hemisphere
short connect adjacent gyri
long connect lobes within one hemisphere
76
what neural structures are contained within the vertebrae?
spinal cord
dorsal and ventral roots
spinal nerves
meninges
77
ventral and dorsal roots
ventral: cell bodies of motor neurons form rootlets
dorsal root: contains sensory neurons
both join to form spinal nerve
78
grey matter of the spinal cord
dorsal horn: processes sensory info
ventral horn: motor info
lateral horn: autonomic info
79
at what level does the spinal cord end?
L1-L2
80
spinal cord segment C8
C6-7 vertebral bodies
81
spinal cord segment T1
C7-T1 vertebral bodies
82
spinal cord segment T10-11
T9 vertebral bodies
83
spinal cord segment L2-5
T12 vertebral bodies
84
spinal cord segment sacral
L1 vertebral bodies
85
filum terminale
bundle of CT and glia that connects end of the cord to the coccyx
86
epidural space
between dura and vertebrae
87
subdural space
between arachnoid and dura
88
subarachnoid space
between arachnoid and pia
89
peripheral nerves
supply both viscera and somatic structures
mixed nerves
90
endoneurium
separates individual axons
91
perineurium
surrounds bundles of axons
92
epineurium
encloses the entire nerve trunk
93
what does the visual system do?
provide sight and recognition
provide eye movement control
provides info used in postural and limb control
94
describe the outer layer of the wall of the eye
(sclera, cornea, conjunctiva)
sclera - tough CT
cornea - allow light to enter
conjunctiva - lubricates eye
95
describe the middle layer of the wall of the eye
(choroid, iris, ciliary, pupil)
choroid - blood supply
iris - regulates diameter of pupil
ciliary muscles - change shape of lens
pupil - allows light to enter
96
describe the inner layer of the wall of the eye
(retina, rods, cones, fovea, optic disk)
retina - photorecepters
cones - color
rods - low light levels
fovea - greatest visual acuity
optic disk - blind spot
97
describe the two humors
aqueous - nutrients to cornea and lens
vitreous - maintains spherical structure
98
describe the optic pathways
some nerves cross the midline
nasal retina - contralateral visual cortex
temporal retina - ipsilateral visual cortex
99
oculomotor system
lateral rectus - abd
medial rectus - add
inferior rectus - down
superior rectus - up
inferior oblique - extorsion
superior oblique - intorsion
(LR)6(SO4)3
100
gaze stabilization
keeping position of eyes stable during head movements
101
oscillopsia
eyes cannot stabilize vision while head is moving
102
conjugate movements
both move in same direction
103
vergenge
both move to or from midline together
104
saccades
fast eye movements to switch between objects
105
smooth pursuits
follow a moving object
106
outer ear
pinna and external auditory meatus
directs sound waves to auditory canal
107
middle ear
tympanic membrane
2 auditory ossicles, oval and round window
amp of sound waves to transmit from air to fluid
108
inner ear
associated with hearing and equilibrium
vestibulocochlear nerve contains afferents for hearing and equilibrium
109
semicircular canals
3 hollow rings
utricle
ampulla
cupula
110
otolith organs
utricle - forward/backward
saccule - elevator
linear acceleration and deceleration
111
bony labyrinth
3 canals
cochlea
2 otoliths
perilymph
112
membranous labyrinth
endolymphatic fluid
113
anterior canal
yes motion
sag plane
114
posterior canal
lateral flexion
coronal plane
115
lateral canal
no motion
transverse plane
116
macula
hair projecting from hair cells
117
central vestibular system
nuclei
pathways
vestibulocerebellum
vestibular cortex
IN BRAIN
118
vestibular apparatus
detects position and movement of head
consists of semicircular canals, saccule, utricle
119
vestibular nuclei
site of synapse between first and second order neurons that convey info about head position and head movement
