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fall B 2024 > neuroanatomy exam 2 > Flashcards

neuroanatomy exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the cerebellum do?

A

coordinate ongoing movement

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2
Q

what is cerebellar output vital for?

A

normal movement and postural control

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3
Q

damage to cerebellum causes

A

degraded coordination of movement and postural control

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4
Q

where is the cerebellum located

A

posterior cranial fossa behind pons and medulla

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5
Q

what is the tentorium cerebelli

A

separates the cerebellum from the occipital lobe

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6
Q

what do you see in place of the middle peduncle in the mid sagittal view?

A

ventricle

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7
Q

what can you see in the posterior view of the cerebellum?

A

vermis

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8
Q

what can you see in the anterior view of the cerebellum?

A

puduncles
nodulus
flocculus

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9
Q

what makes up the spinal cerebellum?

A

vermis
paravermis

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10
Q

what does the flocculonodular lobe do?

A

coordination of head and eye
coordination of vestibular

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11
Q

what does the spinocerebellum do?

A

connected to spinal cord
coordination of trunk and gross motor movements

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12
Q

what does the lateral hemisphere (cerebrocerebellum) do?

A

coordinate distal limbs

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13
Q

eqilibrium regulated by

A

vestibulocerebellum

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14
Q

gross movements of limbs regulated by

A

spinocerebellum

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15
Q

fine, distal, voluntary movements regulated by

A

cerebrocerebellum

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16
Q

vestibulocerebellum receives info from

A

vestibular apparatus
vestibular nuclei

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17
Q

vestibulocerebellum send info to

A

vestibular nuclei

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18
Q

spinocerebellum sends info to

A

vestibular nuclei
reticular nuclei
motor cortex

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18
Q

spinocerebellum receives info from

A

spinal cord
vestibular nuclei

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19
Q

cerebrocerebellum receives info from

A

cerebral cortex

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20
Q

cerebrocerebellum sends info to

A

red nucleus
motor cortex

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21
Q

ataxia

A

uncoordinated movement

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22
Q

intentional tremors

A

start when intend to move

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23
Q

dysdiadochokinesia

A

pronation/supination
will be slow and all over the place

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24
Q

dysmetria

A

distance judgement messed up

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25
Q

dysarthria

A

unclear speech

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26
Q

decomposition

A

tons of steps in the movement

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27
Q

lesions to paravermal

A

gait and limb ataxia

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28
Q

lesions to lateral hemisphere

A

hand ataxia

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29
Q

lesions to vermal and flocculonodular

A

truncal/gait ataxia
nystagmus

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30
Q

unilateral lesions of cerebellum affect what side of body

A

same side

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31
Q

was is the basal ganglia

A

group of nuclei
releases dopamine

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32
Q

caudate and putamen

A

in cerebrum
called striatum together

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33
Q

globus pallidus

A

in cerebrum
lentiform with putamen

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34
Q

substantia nigra

A

in midbrain

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35
Q

subthalamic nuclei

A

inferior to thalamus

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36
Q

which BG are output

A

substantia nigra pars reticulata
globus pallidus internus

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37
Q

which BG are input

A

caudate
putamen
subthalamic

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38
Q

motor functions of BG

A

initiation of movement
suppression of unwanted movements

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39
Q

non motor functions of BG

A

decisions
judgement
prioritization
emotional processing and responses
learning
eye movements
selecting behavior
preventing behavior

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40
Q

what are the three layers of meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord?

A

dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater

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41
Q

dura mater

A

surrounds brain
outer layer bound to inside of skull

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42
Q

arachnoid

A

loosely attached to the dura

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43
Q

pia mater

A

innermost layer
subarachnoid space filled with CSF

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44
Q

how many ventricles in the brain for CSF?

A

4

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45
Q

pair of lateral ventricles

A

3 horns
foramina of monro

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46
Q

third ventricle

A

narrow slit in diencephalon
connected to fourth by cerebral aqueduct

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47
Q

fourth ventricle

A

posterior to pons and medulla
continues through spinal cord as central canal
drains into subarachnoid space

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48
Q

where is most CSF secreted?

A

choroid plexuses

49
Q

how is CSF formed?

A

from blood filtration, active transport, and facilitated transport of certain subtances

50
Q

describe CSF flow

A

from lateral vents into third via IV foramina
third to fourth via cerebral aqueduct
exists fourth to subarachnoid space
flows around brain and SC in SAS
absorbed in venous sinuses via arachnoid ville

51
Q

where is CSF primarily formed?

A

in the ventricles

52
Q

what is the purpose of CSF?

A

protects CNS by absorbing some physical/mechanical impact
regulated content of extracellular fluid

53
Q

what is the circle of willis?

A

anastomotic ring of nine arteries that supply the brain

54
Q

what arteries are in the circle of willis?

A

anterior cerebral arteries
posterior cerebral arteries
anterior communicating artery (only unpaired)
posterior communicating arteries
internal carotid arteries
middle cerebral arteries

55
Q

what two pairs of arteries does the CNS blood supply depend on?

A

two internal carotid arteries
~anterior circulation
vertebral arteries that form a single basilar artery
~posterior circulation

56
Q

what cerebral hemisphere does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

medial frontal and parietal lobes
anterior caudate
putamen
anterior lim of internal capsule

57
Q

what cerebral hemisphere does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

parts of basal ganglia
most of lateral hemisphere
genu of internal capsule

58
Q

what cerebral hemisphere does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

midbrain
occipital lobe
inferomedial temporal lobe
most of thalamus

59
Q

what happens when anterior cerebral artery is occluded?

A

personality changes with contralateral hemiplegia and hemisensory loss
hemiplegia and hemisensory loss more severe in lower limb

60
Q

what happens when middle cerebral artery is occluded?

A

homonymous hemiplegia combines with contralateral hemiplegia and hemisensory loss involving upper limb and face
language affected if left hemisphere, nonverbal communication if right

61
Q

what happens when posterior cerebral artery is occluded?

A

thalamic syndrome, eye movement paresis or paralysis affecting muscles controlling eye movements, cortical blindness, visual agnosia

62
Q

five cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic loop

A

three cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuits: non motor functions
~goal directed behavior
~social behavior loop
~emotion loop
motor loop (direct and indirect)
oculomotor

63
Q

goal directed loop

A

evaluating info for making decisions
planning and choosing actions
head of caudate

64
Q

social behavior loop

A

head of caudate recognizes social cues, regulates self control

65
Q

emotion loop

A

integrating emotions and facial expression, seeking rewards, predictions

66
Q

oculomotor loop

A

body of caudate
makes decisions about spatial attention and eye movements

67
Q

motor loops

A

planning and programming of movement, initiating movement

68
Q

motor loops: direct

A

from cortex to putamen to thalamus to cortex

initiation of voluntary movement

69
Q

motor loops: indirect

A

involves the subthalamic nucleus

suppresses unwanted movement

70
Q

subcortical white matter

A

myelinated axons
subcortical = deep

71
Q

SWM: projection fibers

A

project out
travel through internal capsule

72
Q

what happens when there is a lesion of the internal capsule?

A

occlusion/hemorrhage of arteries supplying internal capsule is common
contralateral decrease in voluntary movement
contralateral loss of conscious

73
Q

SWM: commissural fibers

A

connect homologous areas of cerebral hemispheres
example: corpus callosum
cingulate gyrus surrounds the CC

74
Q

callosotomy

A

in case of intractable epilepsy
prevents excessive firing form spreading
very rare
could cause conflict between hands, competitive hand movements

75
Q

SWM: association fibers

A

connect cortical regions within one hemisphere
short connect adjacent gyri
long connect lobes within one hemisphere

76
Q

what neural structures are contained within the vertebrae?

A

spinal cord
dorsal and ventral roots
spinal nerves
meninges

77
Q

ventral and dorsal roots

A

ventral: cell bodies of motor neurons form rootlets
dorsal root: contains sensory neurons

both join to form spinal nerve

78
Q

grey matter of the spinal cord

A

dorsal horn: processes sensory info
ventral horn: motor info
lateral horn: autonomic info

79
Q

at what level does the spinal cord end?

A

L1-L2

80
Q

spinal cord segment C8

A

C6-7 vertebral bodies

81
Q

spinal cord segment T1

A

C7-T1 vertebral bodies

82
Q

spinal cord segment T10-11

A

T9 vertebral bodies

83
Q

spinal cord segment L2-5

A

T12 vertebral bodies

84
Q

spinal cord segment sacral

A

L1 vertebral bodies

85
Q

filum terminale

A

bundle of CT and glia that connects end of the cord to the coccyx

86
Q

epidural space

A

between dura and vertebrae

87
Q

subdural space

A

between arachnoid and dura

88
Q

subarachnoid space

A

between arachnoid and pia

89
Q

peripheral nerves

A

supply both viscera and somatic structures
mixed nerves

90
Q

endoneurium

A

separates individual axons

91
Q

perineurium

A

surrounds bundles of axons

92
Q

epineurium

A

encloses the entire nerve trunk

93
Q

what does the visual system do?

A

provide sight and recognition
provide eye movement control
provides info used in postural and limb control

94
Q

describe the outer layer of the wall of the eye
(sclera, cornea, conjunctiva)

A

sclera - tough CT
cornea - allow light to enter
conjunctiva - lubricates eye

95
Q

describe the middle layer of the wall of the eye
(choroid, iris, ciliary, pupil)

A

choroid - blood supply
iris - regulates diameter of pupil
ciliary muscles - change shape of lens
pupil - allows light to enter

96
Q

describe the inner layer of the wall of the eye
(retina, rods, cones, fovea, optic disk)

A

retina - photorecepters
cones - color
rods - low light levels
fovea - greatest visual acuity
optic disk - blind spot

97
Q

describe the two humors

A

aqueous - nutrients to cornea and lens
vitreous - maintains spherical structure

98
Q

describe the optic pathways

A

some nerves cross the midline
nasal retina - contralateral visual cortex
temporal retina - ipsilateral visual cortex

99
Q

oculomotor system

A

lateral rectus - abd
medial rectus - add
inferior rectus - down
superior rectus - up
inferior oblique - extorsion
superior oblique - intorsion

(LR)6(SO4)3

100
Q

gaze stabilization

A

keeping position of eyes stable during head movements

101
Q

oscillopsia

A

eyes cannot stabilize vision while head is moving

102
Q

conjugate movements

A

both move in same direction

103
Q

vergenge

A

both move to or from midline together

104
Q

saccades

A

fast eye movements to switch between objects

105
Q

smooth pursuits

A

follow a moving object

106
Q

outer ear

A

pinna and external auditory meatus
directs sound waves to auditory canal

107
Q

middle ear

A

tympanic membrane
2 auditory ossicles, oval and round window
amp of sound waves to transmit from air to fluid

108
Q

inner ear

A

associated with hearing and equilibrium
vestibulocochlear nerve contains afferents for hearing and equilibrium

109
Q

semicircular canals

A

3 hollow rings
utricle
ampulla
cupula

110
Q

otolith organs

A

utricle - forward/backward
saccule - elevator

linear acceleration and deceleration

111
Q

bony labyrinth

A

3 canals
cochlea
2 otoliths
perilymph

112
Q

membranous labyrinth

A

endolymphatic fluid

113
Q

anterior canal

A

yes motion
sag plane

114
Q

posterior canal

A

lateral flexion
coronal plane

115
Q

lateral canal

A

no motion
transverse plane

116
Q

macula

A

hair projecting from hair cells

117
Q

central vestibular system

A

nuclei
pathways
vestibulocerebellum
vestibular cortex

IN BRAIN

118
Q

vestibular apparatus

A

detects position and movement of head
consists of semicircular canals, saccule, utricle

119
Q

vestibular nuclei

A

site of synapse between first and second order neurons that convey info about head position and head movement

fall B 2024 (19 decks)

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