neuroanatomy exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
what is the body’s most complex organ?
A
the brain
2
Q
what is the central nervous system
A
brain and spinal cord
3
Q
what is the peripheral nervous system
A
all nerves outside of CNS
4
Q
what does the forebrain consist of?
A
cerebral hemispheres
~cerebral cortex
~subcortical white matter
~basal ganglia
~basal forebrain nuclei
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
5
Q
what does the midbrain consist of?
A
cerebral peduncles
midbrain tectum
midbrain tegmentum
6
Q
what does the hindbrain consist of?
A
pons
cerebellum
medulla
7
Q
what does the brainstem consist of?
A
midbrain
pons
medulla
8
Q
anatomical directions above the midbrain
A
anterior = rostral
posterior = caudal
superior = dorsal
inferior = ventral
9
Q
anatomical directions below the midbrain
A
anterior = ventral
posterior = dorsal
superior = rostral
inferior = caudal
10
Q
what is a neuron made up of?
A
cell body
dendrites
axon with myelin sheath
pre synaptic terminals
11
Q
describe the gray matter
A
areas of CNS that primarily contain neuronal cell bodies and dendrites
in the CNS - nucleus
in the PNS - ganglia
12
Q
describe the white matter
A
composed of axons, projections of the neurons
in the CNS called tract, lemniscuis, column, peduncle
13
Q
brain ridges
A
gyrus
14
Q
brain grooves
A
sulcus
fissure if deep
15
Q
frontal lobe
A
reasoning
logic
speech
personality
motor activity
16
Q
parietal lobe
A
understanding speech
sensation
17
Q
occipital lobe
A
vision
18
Q
temporal lobe
A
hearing
balance
19
Q
limbic lobe
A
emotions
20
Q
insular cortex
A
visceral
autonomic
taste
21
Q
where is broca’s area located?
A
inferior frontal gyrus
left hemisphere in right handed person
22
Q
where is the acoustic area?
A
superior temporal gyrus
23
Q
what do afferent axons do?
A
carry info toward the CNS
24
Q
what do efferent axons do?
A
carry info away from the CNS
25
how many histological areas were described by korbinian brodmann?
52
26
what does the primary sensory cortex do?
discriminates different intensities and qualities if sensory info
27
what does the secondary sensory cortex do?
performs more complex analysis of sensation
28
what does the primary motor cortex do?
provides descending control of motor output
located in precentral gyrus
29
motor planning areas
organize movements
30
association cortex
controls behavior
interprets sensation
processes emotions and memories
31
primary somatosensory cortex
within central sulcus
pain, touch, proprioception, vibration
32
primary auditory cortex
in lateral fissure on superior temporal gyrus
intensity of sound
33
primary visual cortex
in calcarine sulcus
light/dark shapes
34
define agnosia
inability to recognize objects
asterognosis/tactile agnosia
visual agnosia
auditory agnosia
35
define astereognosis
inability to identify objects by touch
36
define visual agnosia
inability to visually recognize objects
prosopagnosia - faces
37
define auditory agnosia
unable to differentiate and recognize sounds
38
what is the location of the primary motor cortex?
in the precentral gyrus, anterior to central sulcus
39
what happens if there is a lesion of primary motor cortex?
opposite side paresis and loss of movement
dysarthria - poor articulation, cannot produce sound
40
define apraxia
knowledge of how to perform skilled movement is lost
ideomotor - unable to perform on command
ideational - unable to perform and describe
constructional - inability to comprehend
41
motor preservation
uncontrollable repetition of a movement
42
broca's aphasia
difficulty expressing oneself using language
43
functions of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
self-awareness
deciding a goal
planning how to accomplish goal
executing a plan
monitoring the execution of plan
44
ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association cortex
impulse control
personality
reactions to surroundings
emotions
motivation
lesion: lack apathy, emotions, insight
45
parietotemporal association cortex
problem solving
comprehension of communication
spatial relationships
damage on left causes wernicke's aphasia
46
what is wernicke's aphasia?
lack of understanding language
47
what does aphasia effect?
spoken language
48
what does alexia effect?
reading ability
49
what does agraphia effect?
writing ability
50
describe Broca's aphasia
severe cases may not produce any language
writing is affected
aware of disorder
51
describe wernicke's aphasia
listening to other people speak is meaningless
easily produce spoken sounds but output is meaningless
alexia, inability to write meaningful words
may be unaware of disorder
52
characteristics of broca's aphasia
halting speech
tendency to repeat
disordered syntax
disordered grammar
disordered structure of individual words
comprehension intact
53
characteristics of wernicke's aphasia
fluent speech
little spontaneous repetition
syntax adequate
grammar adequate
contrived or inappropriate words
comprehension not intact
54
damage to broca's area
may cause monotone speech, lack of nonverbal communication, lack of facial expressions and gestures
55
damaged to wernicke's area
difficulty in understanding nonverbal communication
56
neglect
behave as if one side of the body or space does not exist
body or spatial/environment
57
what percent have neglect after stroke?
43%
only 17% persists
58
parts of the diencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
59
location of hypothalamus
inferior and anterior to thalamus
60
location of epithalamus
posterior to thalamus (pineal gland)
61
subthalamus
inferior to thalamus (only seen in coronal)
62
what does the thalamus do?
regulated flow of information
it is a relay station
63
relay nuclei
convey sensory info except olfactory
in the ventral tier
64
association nuclei
process emotional and memory
anterior, medial, dorsal tier of lateral
65
nonspecific nuclei
regulate consciousness, arousal, attention
in reticular, medline, intralaminar nuclei
66
describe thalamic regions involving relay nuclei
interrupt ascending pathways, compromising contralateral sensation
67
thalamic pain syndrome
severe contralateral pain that may occur with or without stimuli
68
bilateral thalamic lesions
consciousness will be affected
69
what does the hypothalamus do?
regulate homeostasis
endocrine regulation
satiety and hunger
emotions
autonomic nervous system
circadian rhythms
70
pituitary gland
secretions regulated by the hypothalamus control metabolism, stress response, urine production
71
oxytocin
milk expulsion in lactating females
72
ADH
increasing reabsorption of water in kidneys preventing large amounts of urine
73
fsh and lh
synthesis of estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
74
gh
growth
75
prolactin
milk production
76
acth
adrenal hormones
77
tsh
thyroid hormones
78
function of epithalamus
pineal gland
regulate circadian rhythms and melatonin
79
subthalamus
part of the basal ganglia
regulates movement
80
what can a lesion in cerebellar circuits cause?
wide based ataxic gait
81
what does the reticular formation do?
consciousness and autonomic functions
82
what are the two longitudinal sections that the whole brainstem has?
basilar - anterior
tegmentum - posterior
83
what section of the brainstem is only in the midbrain?
tectum
84
describe the basilar section
motor structures
descending axons
85
describe the tegmentum
sensory
cranial nerve nuclei
medial longitudinal fasciculus - eye and head movem.
86
describe the tectum
reflexive control of eyes and head
87
cranial nerves in the forebrain
1 and 2
88
cranial nerves in the midbrain
3 and 4
89
cranial nerves in the pons
5, 6, 7, and 8
90
cranial nerves in the medulla
9, 10, 11, and 12
91
1. olfactory
sensory
smell
92
2. optic
sensory
vision
93
3. oculomotor
motor
eye movements - up, down, medial
94
4. trochlear
motor
eye movements - in, down - superior oblique
95
5. trigeminal
sensory and motor
sensation from face, mouth, cornea
jaw muscles
96
6. abducens
motor
eye movements - lateral
97
7. facial
sensory and motor
muscles of facial expression
taste of anterior tongue
lacrimal and salivary glands
98
8. vestibulocochlear
sensory
hearing
balance
99
9. glossopharyngeal
sensory and motor
sensation and taste from posterior tongue
100
10. vagus
sensory and motor
autonomic function of gut
muscles of vocal cords
swallowing
101
11. spinal accessory
motor
shoulder and neck muscles
102
12. hypoglossal
motor
movements of tongue
103
describe the cranial nerve nuclei of the brainstem
sensory and motor have separate nuclei
104
sensory long tracts
dorsal column / medial lemniscus
spinalthalamic tract
105
motor long tracts
corticospinal
corticobrainstem
corticoreticular
corticopontine
106
fasciculus gracilis (medial)
axons from lower limb and lower trunk
107
fasciculus cuneatus (lateral)
axons from upper limb, upper trunk, neck
108
spinothalamic pathway from the body
dorsal root ganglion
dorsal horn of spinal cord
VPL nucleus of thalamus
109
spinothalamic pathway from the face
trigeminal ganglion
spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve
VPM nucleus of thalamus
110
spinothalamic tract
pain and temperature
111
dorsal column
touch and proprioception
112
trigeminal lemniscus
sensation from face
113
superior cerebellar peduncle
connects midbrain to cerebellum
114
middle cerebellar peduncle
connects pons to cerebellum
115
inferior cerebellar peduncle
connects medulla to cerebellum
116
cerebellar functions
coordination of movement, balance, posture
117
what is the reticular formation?
complex neural network that includes reticular nuclei, their connections, and ascending and descending reticular pathways
118
where is the reticular formation located?
in the brainstem tegmentum
119
rostral reticular activating system
ascending reticular activating system
consist of midbrain and pons
conscious state
when damaged: coma
120
caudal reticular formation
consist of pons and medulla
motor, reflex, and autonomic functions
121
three regions of midbrain
basis pedunculi
tegmentum
tectum - only in midbrain
122
things only in the midbrain
cerebral aqueduct
superior colliculus
periaqueductal gray
oculomotor nerve parasympathetic nucleus
oculomotor nucleus
red nucleus
substantia nigra
oculomotor nerve
superior cerebellar peduncle
123
what does the inferior colliculi do?
relay auditory information from the cochlear nuclei
124
what does the superior colliculi do?
receives sensory and motor information
involved in reflexive eye and head movements
125
what does the reticular activating system do?
activates entire nervous system
126
what is the midbrain tegmentum?
middle of the midbrain
contains cranial nerves 3 and 4
127
what is the midbrain basis pedunculi?
formed by cerebral peduncles
substantia nigra is one of them
128
subdivision of the pons
located between midbrain and medulla
corticopontine
anterior section of pons (basilar): descending
posterior (tegmentum): , RF, MLF, CN 5-8
129
describe the cranial nerves in the pons
5 - sensory info from face
5 - chewing
6 - lateral movement of eye
7 - facial expression
8 - convey info about sound and head position
130
things only in pons
vestibular nuclei
motor nucleus of trigeminal
sensory and motor roots of trigeminal nerve
middle cerebellar peduncle
abducens nucleus
cochlear nucleus
vestibular nuclei
facial nucleus
CN VIII
CN VII
CN VI
spinal tract
nucleus of spinal tract
131
what is located in the medulla?
pyramids
CN 9-12
olives
nucleus ambiguus
hypoglossal nucleus
inferior olivary nucleus
raphe nuclei
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus
inferior cerebellar peduncle
132
what does the medulla do?
contributes to control head movements
coordinates swallowing
helps regulate cardiovascular, respiratory, visceral activity
133
what connects cerebellum and medulla?
inferior cerebellar peduncle
