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fall B 2024 > neuroanatomy exam 1 > Flashcards

neuroanatomy exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the body’s most complex organ?

A

the brain

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2
Q

what is the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system

A

all nerves outside of CNS

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4
Q

what does the forebrain consist of?

A

cerebral hemispheres
~cerebral cortex
~subcortical white matter
~basal ganglia
~basal forebrain nuclei
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

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5
Q

what does the midbrain consist of?

A

cerebral peduncles
midbrain tectum
midbrain tegmentum

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6
Q

what does the hindbrain consist of?

A

pons
cerebellum
medulla

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7
Q

what does the brainstem consist of?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

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8
Q

anatomical directions above the midbrain

A

anterior = rostral
posterior = caudal
superior = dorsal
inferior = ventral

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9
Q

anatomical directions below the midbrain

A

anterior = ventral
posterior = dorsal
superior = rostral
inferior = caudal

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10
Q

what is a neuron made up of?

A

cell body
dendrites
axon with myelin sheath
pre synaptic terminals

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11
Q

describe the gray matter

A

areas of CNS that primarily contain neuronal cell bodies and dendrites

in the CNS - nucleus
in the PNS - ganglia

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12
Q

describe the white matter

A

composed of axons, projections of the neurons

in the CNS called tract, lemniscuis, column, peduncle

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13
Q

brain ridges

A

gyrus

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14
Q

brain grooves

A

sulcus
fissure if deep

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15
Q

frontal lobe

A

reasoning
logic
speech
personality
motor activity

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16
Q

parietal lobe

A

understanding speech
sensation

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17
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

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18
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing
balance

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19
Q

limbic lobe

A

emotions

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20
Q

insular cortex

A

visceral
autonomic
taste

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21
Q

where is broca’s area located?

A

inferior frontal gyrus
left hemisphere in right handed person

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22
Q

where is the acoustic area?

A

superior temporal gyrus

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23
Q

what do afferent axons do?

A

carry info toward the CNS

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24
Q

what do efferent axons do?

A

carry info away from the CNS

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25
Q

how many histological areas were described by korbinian brodmann?

A

52

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26
Q

what does the primary sensory cortex do?

A

discriminates different intensities and qualities if sensory info

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27
Q

what does the secondary sensory cortex do?

A

performs more complex analysis of sensation

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28
Q

what does the primary motor cortex do?

A

provides descending control of motor output
located in precentral gyrus

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29
Q

motor planning areas

A

organize movements

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30
Q

association cortex

A

controls behavior
interprets sensation
processes emotions and memories

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31
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

within central sulcus
pain, touch, proprioception, vibration

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32
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

in lateral fissure on superior temporal gyrus
intensity of sound

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33
Q

primary visual cortex

A

in calcarine sulcus
light/dark shapes

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34
Q

define agnosia

A

inability to recognize objects

asterognosis/tactile agnosia
visual agnosia
auditory agnosia

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35
Q

define astereognosis

A

inability to identify objects by touch

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36
Q

define visual agnosia

A

inability to visually recognize objects

prosopagnosia - faces

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37
Q

define auditory agnosia

A

unable to differentiate and recognize sounds

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38
Q

what is the location of the primary motor cortex?

A

in the precentral gyrus, anterior to central sulcus

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39
Q

what happens if there is a lesion of primary motor cortex?

A

opposite side paresis and loss of movement
dysarthria - poor articulation, cannot produce sound

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40
Q

define apraxia

A

knowledge of how to perform skilled movement is lost

ideomotor - unable to perform on command
ideational - unable to perform and describe
constructional - inability to comprehend

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41
Q

motor preservation

A

uncontrollable repetition of a movement

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42
Q

broca’s aphasia

A

difficulty expressing oneself using language

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43
Q

functions of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

A

self-awareness
deciding a goal
planning how to accomplish goal
executing a plan
monitoring the execution of plan

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44
Q

ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association cortex

A

impulse control
personality
reactions to surroundings
emotions
motivation

lesion: lack apathy, emotions, insight

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45
Q

parietotemporal association cortex

A

problem solving
comprehension of communication
spatial relationships

damage on left causes wernicke’s aphasia

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46
Q

what is wernicke’s aphasia?

A

lack of understanding language

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47
Q

what does aphasia effect?

A

spoken language

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48
Q

what does alexia effect?

A

reading ability

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49
Q

what does agraphia effect?

A

writing ability

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50
Q

describe Broca’s aphasia

A

severe cases may not produce any language
writing is affected
aware of disorder

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51
Q

describe wernicke’s aphasia

A

listening to other people speak is meaningless
easily produce spoken sounds but output is meaningless
alexia, inability to write meaningful words
may be unaware of disorder

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52
Q

characteristics of broca’s aphasia

A

halting speech
tendency to repeat
disordered syntax
disordered grammar
disordered structure of individual words
comprehension intact

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53
Q

characteristics of wernicke’s aphasia

A

fluent speech
little spontaneous repetition
syntax adequate
grammar adequate
contrived or inappropriate words
comprehension not intact

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54
Q

damage to broca’s area

A

may cause monotone speech, lack of nonverbal communication, lack of facial expressions and gestures

55
Q

damaged to wernicke’s area

A

difficulty in understanding nonverbal communication

56
Q

neglect

A

behave as if one side of the body or space does not exist

body or spatial/environment

57
Q

what percent have neglect after stroke?

A

43%
only 17% persists

58
Q

parts of the diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

59
Q

location of hypothalamus

A

inferior and anterior to thalamus

60
Q

location of epithalamus

A

posterior to thalamus (pineal gland)

61
Q

subthalamus

A

inferior to thalamus (only seen in coronal)

62
Q

what does the thalamus do?

A

regulated flow of information
it is a relay station

63
Q

relay nuclei

A

convey sensory info except olfactory
in the ventral tier

64
Q

association nuclei

A

process emotional and memory
anterior, medial, dorsal tier of lateral

65
Q

nonspecific nuclei

A

regulate consciousness, arousal, attention
in reticular, medline, intralaminar nuclei

66
Q

describe thalamic regions involving relay nuclei

A

interrupt ascending pathways, compromising contralateral sensation

67
Q

thalamic pain syndrome

A

severe contralateral pain that may occur with or without stimuli

68
Q

bilateral thalamic lesions

A

consciousness will be affected

69
Q

what does the hypothalamus do?

A

regulate homeostasis

endocrine regulation
satiety and hunger
emotions
autonomic nervous system
circadian rhythms

70
Q

pituitary gland

A

secretions regulated by the hypothalamus control metabolism, stress response, urine production

71
Q

oxytocin

A

milk expulsion in lactating females

72
Q

ADH

A

increasing reabsorption of water in kidneys preventing large amounts of urine

73
Q

fsh and lh

A

synthesis of estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

74
Q

gh

A

growth

75
Q

prolactin

A

milk production

76
Q

acth

A

adrenal hormones

77
Q

tsh

A

thyroid hormones

78
Q

function of epithalamus

A

pineal gland
regulate circadian rhythms and melatonin

79
Q

subthalamus

A

part of the basal ganglia
regulates movement

80
Q

what can a lesion in cerebellar circuits cause?

A

wide based ataxic gait

81
Q

what does the reticular formation do?

A

consciousness and autonomic functions

82
Q

what are the two longitudinal sections that the whole brainstem has?

A

basilar - anterior
tegmentum - posterior

83
Q

what section of the brainstem is only in the midbrain?

A

tectum

84
Q

describe the basilar section

A

motor structures
descending axons

85
Q

describe the tegmentum

A

sensory
cranial nerve nuclei
medial longitudinal fasciculus - eye and head movem.

86
Q

describe the tectum

A

reflexive control of eyes and head

87
Q

cranial nerves in the forebrain

A

1 and 2

88
Q

cranial nerves in the midbrain

A

3 and 4

89
Q

cranial nerves in the pons

A

5, 6, 7, and 8

90
Q

cranial nerves in the medulla

A

9, 10, 11, and 12

91
Q
  1. olfactory
A

sensory
smell

92
Q
  1. optic
A

sensory
vision

93
Q
  1. oculomotor
A

motor
eye movements - up, down, medial

94
Q
  1. trochlear
A

motor
eye movements - in, down - superior oblique

95
Q
  1. trigeminal
A

sensory and motor
sensation from face, mouth, cornea
jaw muscles

96
Q
  1. abducens
A

motor
eye movements - lateral

97
Q
  1. facial
A

sensory and motor
muscles of facial expression
taste of anterior tongue
lacrimal and salivary glands

98
Q
  1. vestibulocochlear
A

sensory
hearing
balance

99
Q
  1. glossopharyngeal
A

sensory and motor
sensation and taste from posterior tongue

100
Q
  1. vagus
A

sensory and motor
autonomic function of gut
muscles of vocal cords
swallowing

101
Q
  1. spinal accessory
A

motor
shoulder and neck muscles

102
Q
  1. hypoglossal
A

motor
movements of tongue

103
Q

describe the cranial nerve nuclei of the brainstem

A

sensory and motor have separate nuclei

104
Q

sensory long tracts

A

dorsal column / medial lemniscus
spinalthalamic tract

105
Q

motor long tracts

A

corticospinal
corticobrainstem
corticoreticular
corticopontine

106
Q

fasciculus gracilis (medial)

A

axons from lower limb and lower trunk

107
Q

fasciculus cuneatus (lateral)

A

axons from upper limb, upper trunk, neck

108
Q

spinothalamic pathway from the body

A

dorsal root ganglion
dorsal horn of spinal cord
VPL nucleus of thalamus

109
Q

spinothalamic pathway from the face

A

trigeminal ganglion
spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve
VPM nucleus of thalamus

110
Q

spinothalamic tract

A

pain and temperature

111
Q

dorsal column

A

touch and proprioception

112
Q

trigeminal lemniscus

A

sensation from face

113
Q

superior cerebellar peduncle

A

connects midbrain to cerebellum

114
Q

middle cerebellar peduncle

A

connects pons to cerebellum

115
Q

inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

connects medulla to cerebellum

116
Q

cerebellar functions

A

coordination of movement, balance, posture

117
Q

what is the reticular formation?

A

complex neural network that includes reticular nuclei, their connections, and ascending and descending reticular pathways

118
Q

where is the reticular formation located?

A

in the brainstem tegmentum

119
Q

rostral reticular activating system

A

ascending reticular activating system
consist of midbrain and pons
conscious state
when damaged: coma

120
Q

caudal reticular formation

A

consist of pons and medulla
motor, reflex, and autonomic functions

121
Q

three regions of midbrain

A

basis pedunculi
tegmentum
tectum - only in midbrain

122
Q

things only in the midbrain

A

cerebral aqueduct
superior colliculus
periaqueductal gray
oculomotor nerve parasympathetic nucleus
oculomotor nucleus
red nucleus
substantia nigra
oculomotor nerve
superior cerebellar peduncle

123
Q

what does the inferior colliculi do?

A

relay auditory information from the cochlear nuclei

124
Q

what does the superior colliculi do?

A

receives sensory and motor information
involved in reflexive eye and head movements

125
Q

what does the reticular activating system do?

A

activates entire nervous system

126
Q

what is the midbrain tegmentum?

A

middle of the midbrain
contains cranial nerves 3 and 4

127
Q

what is the midbrain basis pedunculi?

A

formed by cerebral peduncles
substantia nigra is one of them

128
Q

subdivision of the pons

A

located between midbrain and medulla
corticopontine
anterior section of pons (basilar): descending
posterior (tegmentum): , RF, MLF, CN 5-8

129
Q

describe the cranial nerves in the pons

A

5 - sensory info from face
5 - chewing
6 - lateral movement of eye
7 - facial expression
8 - convey info about sound and head position

130
Q

things only in pons

A

vestibular nuclei
motor nucleus of trigeminal
sensory and motor roots of trigeminal nerve
middle cerebellar peduncle
abducens nucleus
cochlear nucleus
vestibular nuclei
facial nucleus
CN VIII
CN VII
CN VI
spinal tract
nucleus of spinal tract

131
Q

what is located in the medulla?

A

pyramids
CN 9-12
olives
nucleus ambiguus
hypoglossal nucleus
inferior olivary nucleus
raphe nuclei
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus
inferior cerebellar peduncle

132
Q

what does the medulla do?

A

contributes to control head movements
coordinates swallowing
helps regulate cardiovascular, respiratory, visceral activity

133
Q

what connects cerebellum and medulla?

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle

fall B 2024 (12 decks)

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