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Head and Neck > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the meninges

A

Three membranous layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the 3 meningeal layers

A

Pia mater
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater

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3
Q

What are the features of the pia mater

A

Microscopic

Stuck to brain tissue- follows every fold

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4
Q

What are the features of the arachnoid mater

A

Translucent
Soft
Delicate
Space between this a pia is filled with CSF
Does not extend down sulci and lateral fissures
Blood vessels in this space

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5
Q

What are the features of the dura mater

A

Tough membranous

Potential space- arachnoid normally pushed up against it

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6
Q

Why is the dura like two ply tissue

A

Dura fuses with periosteum lining the inner table of skull
Periosteal layer
Meningeal layer
Spinal cord doesn’t have periosteal layer

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7
Q

When do the two dural layers seperate

A

At fold

At sinuses

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8
Q

What is the vertical plane dural fold called

A

Falx Cerebri

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9
Q

What is the horizontal plane dural fold called

A

Tentorium Cerebelli

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10
Q

What is the function of dural folds

A

Help stabilise the brain

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11
Q

What is the risk in raised ICP with the folds

A

Compression and displacement/herniation against dural folds and through foramen magnum

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12
Q

Where do venous sinuses drain into

A

Internal jugular

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13
Q

Name some dural venous sinuses

A

Superior, inferior, straight, transverse, sigmoid, cavernous, petrosal

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14
Q

What do bridging veins connect

A

Subarachnoid space to dural venous sinuses- transverse subdural space

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15
Q

What do emissary veins connect

A

Scalp to sinuses (through bone)

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16
Q

What is the extradural space

A

Between periosteal dura and inner table of bone

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17
Q

What is the subdural space

A

Between meningeal dural layer and arachnoid

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18
Q

Is the subarachnoid space potential or actual

A

Actual, has CSF and vessels

19
Q

Where is the bleed in extradural bleed

A

Periosteal layer and bone

20
Q

Where is the bleed in subdural

A

Dura mater and arachnoid

21
Q

Where is the bleed in subarachnoid

A

Arachnoid and pia mater

22
Q

What is an intracerebral haemorrhage

A

Bleeding within the brain tissue

23
Q

What can bleeding lead to

A

Pressure and damage to tissue, brainsteamn and nerves

24
Q

Example of common extradural haematoma

A

Middle meningeal artery due to it being near pterion which is the thinnest part of the bone
Specific shape cause of periosteal connection adhesion to sutures

25
Q

What is the common cause of subdural haemorrhage

A

Venous bleed from bridging veins- snap with trauma - fills round until fold

26
Q

What is the common presentation of subdural haemorrhage

A

Headache

Initially normal then gradual decline

27
Q

Cause of subarachnoid bleed

A

Trauma
Spont rupture of vessel- aneurysm
Usually circle of willis
Blood mixes with CSF

CT 100% in 6hrs

28
Q

What makes up the CNS

A

Brain, cerebellum and spinal cord

29
Q

What makes up the PNS

A

Cranial nerves

30
Q

What are the three parts of the brainstem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

31
Q

What makes up the diencephalon

A

Hypothalamus

Thalamus x 2

32
Q

What does the thalamus do

A

Act as relay station for sensory information from body

33
Q

What is white matter vs grey matter

A 
Grey out 
White inner
Grey cell bodies
White Axons- myelinated
Grey where diencephalon is also
34
Q

What does corpus callosum allow

A

Communication between hemispheres

35
Q

What is the septum pellucidum

A

Thin membrane

Partition of lateral ventricles

36
Q

Major functions of the brainstem

A

Relationship with cranial nerves
Midbrain- eye and pupil response
Pons- Sleep and eating
Medulla- primitive and essential- CV and resp

37
Q

Main functions of temporal lobe

A

Language
Emotion
LT memory
Smell, hearing, taste

38
Q

Major functions of frontal lobe

A 
Voluntary motor control
Speech
Social 
Impulse control
Higher cognition
Primary motor cortex
39
Q

Major functions of parietal lobe

A

Somatosensory perception- touch

Spatial awareness

40
Q

Major functions of cerebellum

A

Coordination and motor learning

41
Q

What control do spinal nerves have

A

Uni-cortical, contralateral

42
Q

Is there is sparing of the forehead the cause is

A

Stroke as ipsilateral control comes in

43
Q

Pathways connecting motor cortex to cranial nerves pass at

A

At the level of nuclei which they communicate

Head and Neck (15 decks)

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