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Head and Neck > Ear > Flashcards

Ear Flashcards

1
Q

Features of external ear

A

Pinna, helix, anti helix, tragus, anti tragus, external auditory meatus

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2
Q

Features of middle ear

A

Ossicles- malleus, incus, stapes
Eustachian tube
Air filled

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3
Q

Features of inner ear

A

Cochlea, semicircular canals, fluid filled

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4
Q

What epithelium lines the inner ear

A

Respiratory

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5
Q

What innervation is there to the external ear

A

C2/3, 5, 7, 9, 10

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6
Q

What nerve does special sensory

A

Vestibulocochlear

CN8

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7
Q

What innervation is there to middle ear

A

CN 9

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8
Q

What is the function of the external ear

A

Collect, transmit, focus waves onto membrane

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9
Q

What epithelium lines the external ear

A

Keratinising, stratified, squamous epithelium

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10
Q

How does the external ear self clean

A

Desquamation and skin migration laterally

Epithelial migration

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11
Q

Function of middle ear

A

Amplify and relay vibrations from membrane to oval window

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12
Q

What nerve innervates the muscles that tamper ossicle movement

A

Facial nerve to stapedius

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13
Q

What happens if the facial nerve is damage

A

Acoustic reflex dampened = loud noise

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14
Q

What is the role of the Eustachian tube

A

Equilibration of middle ear pressure with atmosphere

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15
Q

How is negative pressure created in middle ear

A

Mucous membrane constantly reabsorbs air to create negative pressure

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16
Q

Function of inner ear

A

Hearing and position sense balance

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17
Q

What is the vestibular apparatus

A

Semicircular ducts, saccule, utricle with sterocilia

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18
Q

What are children more prone to ear issues

A

Shorter and more horizontal ET. Easier for passage of infections from nasopharynx

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19
Q

What is important about the relation of middle ear to other structures

A

Close to mastoid bone and air cells, ET tube, facial nerve
All routes for middle ear infections to spread.
Can also spread intracranially as close to internal carotid, sigmoid sinus.

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20
Q

How are sound waves translated

A

Cochlea is fluid filled with stereocilia that generate AP when moved by oval window.
Wave-vibrates-ossicles-stapes on window-fluid moves-stereocilia sense-trigger AP via CN8-primary auditory cortex.

21
Q

How is position and balance sensed

A

Head moves- causing fluid to move around vestibular apparatus- bends stereocilia - AP generated via CN8 to brain

22
Q

What is pinna haematoma

A

Subperichondrial bleed depriving cartilage of blood supply leading to necrosis

23
Q

Perichondritis

A

Infection involving connective tissue layer

24
Q

What is otitis externa

A

Inflammation of external ear

Pain, itch, hearing loss, unlateral

25
Q

What is risk factor of Otitis externa

A

Swimming

26
Q

How to treat Otitis externa

A

Dry and antibiotics

27
Q

What rare thing can otitis externa lead to

A

Malignant otitis externa- bacterial infection that can invade and errode
Diabetics and immunosuppressed

28
Q

What is acute otitis media and how does it present

A

Inflammation and middle ear with bulging membrane, otalgia, red
Usually viral but can be Strep p or H. Influenzae

29
Q

What is otitis media with effusion and how does it present

A

Glue ear
ET tube dysfunction
Retracted and fluid filled middle ear

30
Q

Why hearing loss with glue ear

A

Hearing loss and mobility of membrane and ossicles decreased

31
Q

How can you treat glue ear

A

Grommet

32
Q

What is Cholestaetoma

A

Retraction of pars flaccida to form sac
Traps strat squamous cells and keratin
Proliferates
Normally secondary to ET dysfunction as neg pressure pulls in membrane

33
Q

What can cholesteatoma lead to

A

Enzymatic bone destruction of ossicles of middle ear, inner ear and skull

34
Q

What is otosclerosis and what causes it

A

Commonest cause of hearing loss in young
Ossicles fuse at articulations due to abnormal bone growth esp stapes and window
Gradual uni or bilateral
Genetic or environmental

35
Q

What i presbycusis

A

Sensorineural hearing loss associated with age

Conditions that affect CN 8

36
Q

What is Labrinthitis

A

Inflammation of nerve to ear
Acute or acute vestibular (no hearing loss)
Presents with vomiting and vertigo
Normally history of upper resp tract infection

37
Q

What is Meniere’s disease

A 
Vertigo, hearing loss and tinnitus
Unilateral
30 mins to 24hrs 
Feeling of fullness in ear
? too much endolymph
38
Q

What is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and how is it different to Meniere’s

A

Short lived vertigo
Triggered by head movement
Crystal in tubes
Affects vestibular apparatus only so just vertigo no hearing loss

39
Q

What does a normal membrane look like

A 
Not retracted or bulging
Pearly grey
Translucent
Respond to pressure changes
Pars flaccida and tensa- small vs larger, lack of fibrous layer vs tough fibrous later
40
Q

Webber’s test

A

Tuning fork on top of head

Finds origin of hearing loss and damage

41
Q

Rinne’s test

A

Tuning fork touching ear then held next to ear

Unilateral comparison of bone to air conduction

42
Q

Negative Rinne test

A

Can’t hear when held next to ear = conductive

43
Q

Positive Rinne test

A

Air conduction more efficient than bone = sensorineural

44
Q

If louder on affected side

A

Conductive

45
Q

If quieter on affected side

A

Sensorineural

46
Q

Conductive vs sensorineural hearing loss

A 
Conductive= middle and external ear
Sensorineural = inner ear and CN 8
47
Q

Example of sensorineural

A

Presbycusis, noise related, menieres, ototoxic meds, neuroma

48
Q

Example of conductive

A

Wac, acute otitis media, glue ear, otosclerosis

Head and Neck (15 decks)

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