Neuroanatomy

Question 1

Huntington’s disease characterized by loss of neurons producing which NT

Answer 1

GABA

Question 2

Neural plasticity is largely mediated through the capacity to rapidly change in number and
morphology of what?

Answer 2

dendritic spines

Question 3

The clinical syndrome associated with occlusion of the cortical branch of the posterior
cerebral artery would result in which of the following?

Answer 3

HOMONYMOUS HEMIANOPIA WITH ALEXIA

WITHOUT AGRAPHIA

Question 4

32 y/o pt 1-month hx of worsening headaches, episodic mood swings and occasional
hallucinations with visual, tactile and auditory content. CT head reveals tumor where:

Answer 4

temporal lobe

Question 5

Region of brain connected with the anterior medial frontal cortex during recognition of
affective behavior by mirror neuron system.

Answer 5

insula

Question 6

Which part of cortical-striatal-pallidal-thalamic cortical circuit evaluates painful stimuli

Answer 6

lateral orbitofrontal

Question 7

Ability to temporarily store and manipulate information such as in mental arithmetic:

Answer 7

working memory

Question 8

Loss of ability to execute previously learned motor activities (which is not the result of
demonstrable weakness, ataxia or sensory loss) is associated with lesions of?

Answer 8

left parietal cortex

Question 9

Bilateral lower extremity weakness, abulia, mutism, urinary incontinence are most likely to
result from occlusion of which of the following arteries?

Answer 9

ACA

Question 10

62yo progressive personality changes, has dull emotions, lack of initiative, and apathy. An
autopsy is likely to show atrophy of …?

Answer 10

frontal lobe

Question 11

Brain area activated by subliminal presentations of emotional faces

Answer 11

amygdala

Question 12

65 y/o pt has a stroke which causes him to fall. On exam, weakness of the right leg, with only
minor weakness of the right hand, no weakness of the face, no sensory deficit. Speech is not
affected, but pt seems unusually quiet and passive. The stroke most likely involves the:

Answer 12

Left Ant. Cerebral Art.

Question 13

60 y/o right-handed M, getting lost, only writes on right half of paper. Left-sided hemineglect. Where is the lesion?

Answer 13

right parietal lobe

Question 14

Implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes is an effective tx for Parkinson’s. Optimal
location for electrodes?

Answer 14

subthalamic nucleus

Question 15

Deep brain stimulation in which brain structure is a useful treatment for primary generalized
dystonia?

Answer 15

globus pallidus

Question 16

Neural pathway mediating reactive aggression?

Answer 16

AMYGDALA-HYPOTHALAMUSPERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY

Question 17

Aphasia w/ effortful fragmented, non-fluent, telegraphic speech, is seen in a lesion where?

Answer 17

posterior frontal lobe

Question 18

Conduction aphasia often occurs as a result of damage to which structure?

Answer 18

arcuate fasciculus

Question 19

Unconsciousness can be induced by a small area of damage where?

Answer 19

reticular formation

Question 20

So dopamine neurons in what system is primarily implicated in tasks related to cognitive
processing?

Answer 20

mesocortical

Question 21

What sensation is transmitted through the spinothalamic tract?

Answer 21

pain

Question 22

Unilateral hearing loss, vertigo, unsteadiness, falls, headaches, mild facial weakness and
ipsilateral limb ataxia is most commonly associated with tumors in what locations?

Answer 22

cerebellopontine angle

Question 23

Akinetic mutism can result from bilateral infarctions of which of the following structures:

Answer 23

anterior cingulate gyrus

Question 24

Exposure to light effects which brain structure?

Answer 24

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 25

Ninety-five percent of right-handed people develop left hemispheric dominance for language. What percentage of left handed people develop left hemispheric dominance for language?

Answer 25

75%

Question 26

28 y/o cocaine user complains of LBP, numbness in both legs and feet, thighs, buttocks, abdomen, and says R leg is weak and clumsy, L leg is tired. Has urinary incontinence and difficulty walking. Decreased light touch, pinprick, and temperature. Normal vibration and proprioception. DTR is hard to elicit. Muscle tone is normal. Decreased strength in B/L LE but worse on right. Diagnosis?

Answer 26

ant spinal art infarct

Question 27

78 y/o pt had an ischemic stroke that left him with a residual mild hemiplegia. Pt appeared to be unaware that there was a problem of weakness on one side of this body. When asked to raise the weak arm, the patient raised his normal arm. When the failure to raise the paralyzed arm was pointed out to pt, he admitted that the arm was slightly weak. He also neglects the side of the body when dressing and grooming. Pt did not shave one side of his face, had difficulty putting a shirt on when it was turned inside out. Area of brain likely affected by stroke? (4x)

Answer 27

right parietal lobe

Question 28

The dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex, striatum and ____ are part of a loop circuit that produces worry and obsessive symptoms

Answer 28

thalamus

Question 29

26 y.o. w/HA and R-hand clumsiness for weeks. Exam shows difficulty w/rapid alternating movements of hand, overt intention tremor on finger-to-nose, and mildly dysmetric finger tamping. CNS intact and no papilledema. Where will damage show on MRI? (5x)

Answer 29

cerebellum

Question 30

Area of brain responsible for face recognition

Answer 30

fusiform gyrus

Question 31

Syndrome characterized by fluent speech, preserved comprehension, inability to repeat, w/o associated signs. Location of lesion in the brain?

Answer 31

SUPRAMARGINAL GYRUS OR INSULA

Question 32

Area of frontal cortex activated in Wisconsin Card Sorting Test during shifting of cognitive sets?

Answer 32

dorsolateral

Question 33

Why does the brain rapidly increase in size from birth to two years old?

Answer 33

SYNAPTOGENESIS OF NEURONS

Question 34

Normal Romberg w/ eyes open but loses balance with eyes closed. Where is the abnormality?

Answer 34

cerebellar vermis

Question 35

Lesions in mammillary bodies will produce what symptoms?

Answer 35

AMNESIA, CONFABULATION, LACK OF INSIGHT

Question 36

Neural circuit that connects anterolateral orbitofrontal cortex, anterior part of the putamen, and the thalamus is involved in what cognitive function?

Answer 36

affective processing

Question 37

Drug abuse activates these neuro circuits, generating signals in the ventral tegmental area to where?

Answer 37

DOPAMINE INTO THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS

Question 38

What are the cortical columns?

Answer 38

FUNCTIONAL UNITS FOR INFORMATION | PROCESSING

Question 39

Adult neurogenesis in which area of the brain? (x2)

Answer 39

hippocampus

Question 40

66 y/o with HTN develops vertigo, diplopia, nausea, vomiting, hiccups, L face numbness, nystagmus, hoarseness, ataxia of limbs, staggering gait, and tendency to fall to the left. Dx? (8x)

Answer 40

lateral medullary stroke

Question 41

Orexin is made in what part of the brain?

Answer 41

HYPothalamus

Question 42

Development of brain grey-matter volume peaks at what stage

Answer 42

late childhood

Question 43

Region of the brain most closely associated with cortical processing of faces

Answer 43

left parietal

Question 44

Pure sensory deficit extending to midline and involving face, arm, trunk, and leg, caused by a lacunar infarct where?

Answer 44

lateral thalamus

Question 45

Pt reports headaches and peripheral visual loss. Visual field defects involving the temporal fields of both eyes are detected. An MRI scan is likely to reveal?

Answer 45

a mass in the sella turcica

Question 46

20 y/o with 1-year h/o bitemporal headaches, polydipsia, polyuria, and bulimia plus 2-month h/o emotional outbursts, aggression, and transient confusion. Neuro exam normal. What will MRI of brain show?

Answer 46

hypothalamic tumor

Question 47

CNS region containing dopaminergic neurons projecting to caudate and putamen

Answer 47

substantia nigra

Question 48

17y/o is evaluated for binge eating associated with a 60 lb weight gain over the past four months. CT shows a craniopharyngioma that likely disrupts what structure?

Answer 48

VENTROMEDIAL HYPOTHALAMUS

Question 49

Blocking R PCA (posterior cerebral artery) causes which visual disturbance?

Answer 49

left homonymous hemianopsia

Question 50

MRI scan of head reveals an infarct in distribution of left anterior cerebral artery. Pt most likely exhibits:

Answer 50

weakness of contralateral foot and leg

Question 51

A pituitary tumor that protrudes through the diaphragmatic sella is most likely to cause?

Answer 51

bitemporal heminanopsia

Question 52

What does the cerebellum do in the human adult brain?

Answer 52

DIVERSE ROLES IN MOVEMENT, BEHAVIOR, AND | LEARNING

Question 53

Threatening objects produce startle response prior to person becoming consciously aware. Connection of thalamus to what?

Answer 53

amygdala

Question 54

In a pt with hippocampus damage, what allows them to still learn new skills like playing tennis?

Answer 54

basal ganglia

Question 55

Right-side palsy with equal involvement of the face, arm and leg combined with third nerve palsy is most likely due to occlusion of a branch of which artery?

Answer 55

Post. cerebral

Question 56

In addiction, dopaminergic neurons project to nucleus accumbens. Cell bodies of these neurons reside in which area of the brain?

Answer 56

Ventral tegmental area

Question 57

The blood brain barrier is made up of what kind of cells?

Answer 57

endothelial

Question 58

Area of brain to remember a number to make a phone call

Answer 58

dorsolateral pfc

Question 59

The most likely reason that adults are superior to adolescents in abstract thinking. The brain undergoes:

Answer 59

synaptic pruning

Question 60

bipolar has decreased connectivity in these regions

Answer 60

amygdala and pfc

Question 61

Rapid onset of right facial weakness, left limb weakness, diplopia: (2x)

Answer 61

brain stem infarction

Question 62

Neurogenesis in adult brain is restricted to what region of the brain?

Answer 62

dentate gyrus

Question 63

Corticotropin-releasing hormone is release from which brain region during stress?

Answer 63

paraventricular nucleus

Question 64

The uncinated fasciculus connects which of the following brain areas?

Answer 64

ANTERIOR TEMPORAL AND VENTRAL PREFRONTAL | REGIONS

Question 65

Dorsal-lateral-pre-frontal cortex plays an important role in what activity?

Answer 65

working memory

Question 66

Hemisensory loss followed by pain and hyperpathia involving all modalities and reaching the midline of the trunk and head is most consistent with ischemia in the distribution of which of the following arteries?

Answer 66

posterior cerebral

Question 67

Which lesion causes bilateral coarse nystagmus worsening with visual fixation and present with horizontal and vertical gaze?

Answer 67

brainstem

Question 68

Wear in the brain are circadian rhythms related to sleep behavior set and maintained?

Answer 68

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 69

What type of glial cells form myelin sheaths in the PNS?

Answer 69

schwann

Question 70

Biogenic amine made in Locus Coeruleus

Answer 70

NE

Question 71

Abnormal emotional expressions such as pathological laughter or crying caused by lesions affecting cortical subcortical circuits linking frontal cortex, pons and what?

Answer 71

cerebellum

Question 72

After middle age, what region of the brain has decreasing sleep spindle density?

Answer 72

frontal and occ. lobes

Question 73

What is an accurate statement about the brain’s default mode network?

Answer 73

IS INVOLVED IN REPROCESSING PREVIOUSLY | EXPERIENCED STIMUL

Question 74

Acute onset of hemiballismus of LUE & LLE. MRI is most likely to show lesion located where?

Answer 74

subthalamic nucleus

Question 75

When does synaptogenesis peak?

Answer 75

by 4yo

Question 76

This hypothalamic nuclei is key to integration of neural and nutrient signals with hormonal signals from the small intestine, pancreas, liver, adipose tissue and brainstem

Answer 76

arcuate nucleus

Question 77

Where does the neuron morphology in the brain change the most?

Answer 77

PFC

Question 78

What neurodevelopmental process predominately occurs during adolescence and young adulthood?

Answer 78

synaptic pruning

Question 79

Mesolimbic DA pathway includes which structure?

Answer 79

ventral striatum

Question 80

Which dopaminergic pathway includes the nucleus accumbens and mediates addiction and associated behavior

Answer 80

mesolimbic

Question 81

Motor speech paradigm activation task on fMRI – hyperactivity in right temporal lobe. Damage is where?

Answer 81

calcarine fossa

Question 82

34 y/o M is referred for psychiatric evaluation 5 years after sustaining a head injury at work. Prior to the accident, he was a stable, happily married man. Since the accident, he has been described as overly talkative and restless. His wife divorced him because he was acting irresponsibly, which also resulted in termination from his job. Psychometric testing reveals that the man has average intelligence and no detectable memory deficits. Pt’s clinical presentation is most consistent with damage to which to the following brain areas?

Answer 82

frontal lobe