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ANATOMY > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what does the MCA supply

A

frontal, pariteal and temporal

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2
Q

what does PCA supply and where does it come from

A

occipital and ventral surface of temporal.

comes from vertebral artery

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3
Q

what does ACA supply

A

frontal and pariteal

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4
Q

what do the central perforating arteries supply

A

thalamus, basal ganglia, subcortical white mater

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5
Q

give 4 features of the circle of willis

A

anatosomes, BBB, high SA and capilliary, autoregulation,

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6
Q

draw the dural venous sinuses out

A

sup.sag, straight, confluens, transwerse, inf.sag, sigmoid, caveronous , internal jugular

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7
Q

whats in the cavernous sinus

A

ICA, CN 3,4,5(1&2), 6

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8
Q

what arteries supply the posterior fossa of the brain?

A
  1. paramedian : close to the midline, posterior to the basilar, passes through full brainstem
  2. short circumflerential: lateral to brainstem
  3. long circumferential: postolateral to brain stem and parts of cerebellum:
    - SCA : superior cerebellum
    - AICA: ant,inf cerebellum
    - PICA: lateral medullla, post, inf cerebellum (branch of vertebral
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9
Q

what are the vertebral arteries, how many?

A
  1. single anterior spinal: travels up median fissure

2&3. posterior spinal

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10
Q

function of superior colliculus

A

vision

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11
Q

function of inferior colliculus

A

hearing

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12
Q

what is the tectum

A

inf & sup colliculus of midbrain

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13
Q

pineal gland function

A

melatonin (sleep/wake)

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14
Q

what lies in the basicular sulcus

A

basilar artery

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15
Q

Stria medullaris is a landmark of what

A

marks posterior border between pons and medulla

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16
Q

what two CN pass through midbrain and describe their positioning

A

3, 4

4: lateral either side of frenulum dorsal
3: between peduncles

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17
Q

describe positioning of CN in pons

A

5: pontine-cerebellar angle

6,7,8 medial to lateral anteriorly

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18
Q

whats in the deep ventral median fissure in the medulla

A

spinal cord

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19
Q

whats in the pyramids

A

the corticospinal tracts (motor)

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20
Q

where are the olives and what do they do?
whats the line of attachent
function?

A

project into contralateral cerebellar hemispheres.
dorsal sulcus is the line of attachment
motor learning and coordination

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21
Q

wheres the obex and what does it do

A

CTZ (chemical trigger zone (no BBB)) lower 2/3 point

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22
Q

what is the decussation?

A

75% of corticopinal tract decussate and mainly associated with limbs

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23
Q

what is the fasicalis cutanenous and gracialis and how do they differ and where are they in relationship to each other

A

cutaneous is lateral and gracialis is medial.

cut: T6 and up
grac: T6 and down

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24
Q

what is the function of the ventricles (4)

A

transport and remove CSF

  • protection : cushions
  • Buoyancy: prevents excess pressure
  • Chemical stabilitiy: maintains low K+
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25
Q

where does the lateral ventricle sit

A

projects into frontal, occipital and temportal loe

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26
Q

3rd venticle position and connections

A

connects to lateral by foramen of monroe

sits in the middle of the thalamus

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27
Q

the 4th ventricle position and connection

A

cerebral aqueduct connects to 3rd

its between the pons and medulla and baths the spinal cord

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28
Q

whats the choroid plexus?

where does it drain and how?

A
  • capilliaries and CT that drain CSF

- subarahnoid cisterns and drain into dural venous sinus and arachnoid granulation

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29
Q

whats hydrocephalus

A

abnormal collection of CSF in ventricles which increases cranial pressure

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30
Q

what communication (nonobstructive) Hydrocephalus

A

impairment of the arachnoid granulations (e.g. fibrosis)

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31
Q

whats non communicating (obstructive) hydrocephalus

A

obstructive- commonly in the cerebral aqueduct

32
Q

what part of the rhombencephalon in embryonic development is the cerebellum from?

A

metencephalon

33
Q

what is the tentorium cerebelli

A

tough dura mater that seperates cerebllum from temporal and occipital lobes

34
Q

how many lobes are there in the cerebellum, whats their location

A

anterior (small arrow shaped)
posterior (paired tonsils, vermis)
flocculondular (most primitive- spacial awareness)

35
Q

what does arborvitae mean

A

tree

36
Q

how many parts of cerebellar peduncles are there and where do they connect and what fibres do they carry

A

superior CP: midbrain : from dentate nucleus, outward from cerebellum
middle CP: pons
inferior CP: medulla oblangata : spinal proprioception

37
Q

what are the 3 functional divisions of the cerebellum

  • functions
  • input/output
A
  1. cerebrocerebellum: largest (lateral)
    - planning movement, motor leaning, coordination, visually guided movements
    - input from pontine and cerebral cortex
    - output to thalamus and red nucleus
  2. spinocerebellum: vermis
    - body movements, error correction, proprioception (ICP)
  3. vestibulocerebellum: flocculonodular lobe
    - balance, ocular reflex, targetting
    - output and input into vestibular system and nuclei
38
Q

what does the somatopic map of the cerebellum look like?

A

a man jumping out the plane yeet

39
Q

whats the vasculature of the cerebellum (3)

A

SCA: superior anterior lobe
AICA: anterior, inferior
PICA: posterior, inferior

40
Q

draw the histology of the cerebellum

A
  • mossy fibres and inferioir olivary nucleus

- granular cells, parallel fibres, purkinje, DCN

41
Q

what kind of cells are purkinje fibres

A

GABAnergic

42
Q

how does synaptic plasticity occur in the cerebellum

A

when parallel fibres and climbing fibres synpase at the same time changing the biochemistry of the purkinje fibres causing long term depression

43
Q

what are the symptoms associated with cerebellum dysfunction

A

DANISH

  • dysdiochokinesia
  • ataxia
  • nystagmus
  • intention tremor
  • scanning speech
  • hypotonia
44
Q

what is the cingulate gyri and what does it do

A

encircles the corpus callosum and is in the medial border of the two cerebral hemispheres

45
Q

what is the limbic systems function

A

mood, emotion, pain perception, motication, behaviour, memory, olfaction

46
Q

in what disorder would you cut the corpus callosum

A

epilepsy

47
Q

what does the limbic system involve (6)

A

hypothalamus, amygdala, cinguate an parahippocamal gyri, septal areas, midbrain and basal ganglia

48
Q

what is the subgenal area and a clinical feature

A

under the genu its underactive in depression

49
Q

retrosplenal area and function

A

corpus callosum, behind splenium and involved in episodic memory

50
Q

what is the function of the anterior cingulate gyrus

A

its involved in the emotional response to pain

51
Q

what does abulia mean

A

the inability to act decisively and with free will

52
Q

describe the hippocampus shape

A

sea horse shape:

tail= parahippocampus

53
Q

whats the function of the denate gyrus

A

superior cerebellum peduncle output

54
Q

what is the function of the entorhinal cortex in hippocampus, where is it and a clinical feature

A

anterior part of PHCG episodic and spatical navigation.

first too go in alzheimers and ability to retain new memories

55
Q

what is the uncus of the hippocampus and a clinical feature

A

hook into olfactory bulb. seizures here produce strange smells

56
Q

what is the fornix of the hippocampus

A

divides the two hemispheres and is involved in transparent memories

57
Q

types of memories

A

short: plans of action
long: encoding, storage and retrieval:
- declarative:
semantic: facts
episodic: personal events

  • nondeclarative
    procedural: muscle memory
58
Q

what are mammillary bodies and their function as well as what would you expect to find in an alcoholic

A

joins thalamus and other parts and relays into thalamus, and has a role in recognitial memory and processing.
in alcoholics you would expect to find atrophy and gliosis

59
Q

role of amygdala and location

A

anterior/ventral to hippocampus

role in emotional response and emotional learning

60
Q

what are the three nuclei of the amygdala and roles

A

medial: olfactory
lateral: auditory and vision
central: emotional response

61
Q

what is the function of the basal ganglia

A

initation of voluntary movements and motor learning

62
Q

what makes up the basal ganglia

A

corpus striatum, substantia niagra and subthalamic nucleus

63
Q

what makes up the corpus striatum

A 
caudate nucleus 
lentiform nucleus (putamen)
64
Q

what are the 3 loops of the basal ganglia

A
  1. cognition= caudate
  2. pure motor= putamen
  3. emotional response= limbic
65
Q

what regulates the loops of the basal ganglia and where does it orginate and travel through

A

dopamine

comes from substantia niagra and travels through nigrostriatal tract

66
Q

which Dopamine receptors are inhibitory or excitatory

A

D1,5: excites (direct)

D2,3,4: inhibition (indirect

67
Q

where is the substantia niagra found. why is it that colour

A

in the midbrain between the peduncles

its black due to neuromelanin which is a product of dopamine synthesis

68
Q

describe the pathways of the direct pathway in basal ganglia

A

motor cortex- striatum (E)- inhibits GPI (disinhition)- this means less inhibtion on thalamus- excition of motor cortex initating muscle movement.
subthalamic and substantia niagra work as feedback. if SN is excited it releases dopamine onto GPI to cause even more disinhibtion

69
Q

describe the indirect pathway

A

feedback from the GPE to striatum causing inhibiton of striatum. inhbiting movement.

70
Q

whats a common pathology of the caudate nucleus and symptoms

A

huntingtons: affects cognition

71
Q

common pathology of basal ganglia

A

parkinsons: reduced dopamine, tremor, bradykinesia, gait shuffle, less disinhibiton

72
Q

what is supplementary motor area pathology

A

caused usually by infarcation of ACA, reduces spontaneous movements

73
Q

what is the embryo start of forebrain (clinical disease)

A

telencephalon/ prosencephalon -

ancencephaly

74
Q

what is the embryo of thalamus

A

diencephalon

75
Q

what is the embryo start of the midbrain

A

mesencephalon

76
Q

what is the embryo start of the pons and cerebellum

A

rhombocephalon:

1. metencephalon

77
Q

what is the embryo starts of the medulla oblangata and a clinical attachment to it

A

rhombocephalon:

mylencephalon (worst spinidifida)

ANATOMY (6 decks)

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