neuroanatomy Flashcards
bones of the visocranium
lacrimal, maxilla, inf nasal chonchae, vomer, zygomatic, mandible, palatine, nasal
bones of the neurocranium
ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, temporal
muscles of facial expression
originate from skeleton insert skin. move skin convey mood, innervated facial nerve.
muscles of the scalp
occipitofrontalis, two bellies joint by aponeurosis. moves the scalp on the skull, wringles forehead elevates eyebrows.
muscles of the eyelids
orbicularis oculi-orbital and palpebral part. palpebral gentle close orbital wrinkles eyelid tightly close. corrugator supercilli draws eyelid medially wrinkling forehead.
muscles of the nostrils
nasalis, depressor septi nasi and procerus. flare nostrils.
muscles of the lips
important for clear speech and convey feelings. Elevators retractors and evertors: levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, zygomaticus major and minor, levator labii superioris, levator anguli oris
depressors retractors and evertors: mentalis, depressor anguli oris, risorius, depressor labii inferioris
Sphincter of mouth: orbicularis oris
muscles of the cheek
buccinator, blowing and sucking and to keep bolus between teeth.
muscles of the neck
platysma, depresses mandible and angle of mouth tenses skin over inf face.
layers of the scalp
five layers. Skin, Connective tissue arteries and veins form anastamosing network, Aponeurosis, Loose areolar connective tissue contains emissary veins diploic veins. Periranium.
muscles of mastication
all insert into mandible and act on temporomandibular joint. masseter temporalis medial and lateral pterygois. innervated by mandibular part of trigeminal nerve, the maxillary and opthalmic are purely sensory.
muscles that assist in mastication
digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid assist in depressing the jaw, to allow this the hyoid bone must be fixed by infrahyoid muscles.
masseter
most powerful,lies superficially to pterygoids and temporalis, originates maxillary process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic arch of temporal bone. Attach ramus of mandible. Elevates mandible.
temporalis
muscle covered by tough fascia harvested to repair perforated tympanic membrane. Originates temporal fossa, insert coronoid process mandible. elevates and retracts jaw.
medial pterygoid
inf to LP. superficial head originates from maxilla, deep head from lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone attach to ramus of mandible. elevates mandible.
lateral pterygoid
superior head from greater wing of sphenoid, inf head lateral pterygoid plate, attach neck mandible. Protract jaw side to side movement.
parotid gland
largest salivary gland, produces serous saliva. extends over masseter muscle pierces buccinator muscle. recieves parasymp(glossopharyngeal) symp(thicken saliva) and sensory(auriculotemporal) innervation. facial nerve splits into branches in the gland. external carotid divides into maxillary and superficial temporal in gland.
tongue
filiform just touch not taste. funciform and circumvalate pupillae.
intrinsic muscles of the toungue
alter shape of tongue. inf and sup longditudinal, transverse and vertical
extrinsic muscles of the tongue
palatoglossus, styloglossus, genioglossus, hyoglossus
Anterior compartment of the neck contents
superior boundary-mandible, laterally-SCM, medially imagionary sagital line. supra and infrahyoid muscles. CCA E,ICA, IJV, facial glossopharyngeal vagus accessory and hypoglossal nerve
carotid triangle contents
post belly digastric, SCM, Omohyoid borders. CCA IJV hypoglossal and vagus.
submental triangle contents
lymph nodes. Hyoid ant belly digastric borders.
submandibular triangle
submandibular gland and lymph nodes. facial artery and vein. mandible, ant belly digastric and post belly are boundaries.
muscular triangle
infrahyoid, pharynx, thyroid parathyroid glands.
boundaries hyoid, oomohyoid, SCM.
posterior border than the neck
SCM, trapezius, clavicle. contains omohyoid, levator scapulae, EJV, CERVICAL ARTERY, SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY AND VEIN. accessory nerve. cervical plaxus. brachial plaexus. omohyoid splits into occipital and subclavicular.
outer ear
auricle, external acoustic meatus. Pinna: concha, helix antihelix, tragus anti tragus and lobule. BS posterior auricular and superficial temporal. great auricular and auriculotemporal nerve.
external auditory meatus: walls-lateral third is cartilaginous, medial two third is bone. cerumen (waxx) is produced by ceruminous and sebaceous glands in subcutaneous tissue of cartilaginous part.
tympanic membrane-externally. concave towards EAM. umbo peak depression. pars flaccida and tense part. innervated external by auriculotemporal nerve, internal glossopharyngeal.
middle ear
transfers energy from waves in air to fluid membrane waves in cochlear. roof:tegmental-tegmen tympani. seperates from dura on MCF. Floor-jugular. Anterior-carotid-opening for auditory tube and tensor tympani muscle. posterior-mastoid-connecting to mastoid cells, camal for facial nerve. medial-labrynth-from internal ear, promontary-basal coil cochlear. oval and round windows. lateral-membranous-tympanic membrane. middle ear 2 parts, tympanic cavity proper, epitympanic recess. contains ossicles malleus incus stapes, stapedius and tensor tympani muscles, chorda tympani nerve, tympanic plexus. auditory tube, medial 1/3 bony remaining cartilaginous. The levator veli palatini and tensor veli palatini muscles attach to the cartilaginous portion of the auditory tube and are actively involved in opening it.
inner ear
in the otic capsule in petrous part temporal bone. bony and membranous labrynth. bony labrynth contains perilymph. vestibule (utricle and sacule, continuous with post cranial fossa by vestibular aqueduct), semicircular canals(swelling ampulla, cont ducts) and cochlea( central modiolus, scala vestibule and tympani)
membranous labrynth: endolymph. scala media, high in K which is carried into hair cells by mechano electric transduction current. utricle and saccule and SCD in SSC. utricle communicates with saccule via utricosaccular duct, endolymphatic duct comes off. saccule cont with cochlear at ductus reuniens. cochlear has vestibular/reissner and basilar membrane.
pharynx
fibromuscular, base skull to oesophagus. passage for air and food. naso oro and laryngo. terminates at level c6. waldeyers ring pharyngeal, tubal, palatine and lingual. Some of the upper fibres of the superior constrictor muscle combine with fibres of the palatopharyngeal muscle to form Passavant’s ridge.The salpingopharyngeus elevates the pharynx and assists in opening the auditory tube.Innermost - mucosal layer - the type of epithelium is dependent on location
Middle - fibromuscular layer which is comprised of the pharyngobasilar fascia, pharyngeal raphe and muscles
Outermost - the buccopharyngeal fascia which contains nerves and vessels. muscles-stylo, palato, salpingo and constrictors.
larynx skeleton
hyoid bone. thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, epiglottis, corniculate and cuneform cartilage. thyroid c4, hyoid c2, cricoid c6.