neuroanatomy Flashcards
bones of the visocranium
lacrimal, maxilla, inf nasal chonchae, vomer, zygomatic, mandible, palatine, nasal
bones of the neurocranium
ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, temporal
muscles of facial expression
originate from skeleton insert skin. move skin convey mood, innervated facial nerve.
muscles of the scalp
occipitofrontalis, two bellies joint by aponeurosis. moves the scalp on the skull, wringles forehead elevates eyebrows.
muscles of the eyelids
orbicularis oculi-orbital and palpebral part. palpebral gentle close orbital wrinkles eyelid tightly close. corrugator supercilli draws eyelid medially wrinkling forehead.
muscles of the nostrils
nasalis, depressor septi nasi and procerus. flare nostrils.
muscles of the lips
important for clear speech and convey feelings. Elevators retractors and evertors: levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, zygomaticus major and minor, levator labii superioris, levator anguli oris
depressors retractors and evertors: mentalis, depressor anguli oris, risorius, depressor labii inferioris
Sphincter of mouth: orbicularis oris
muscles of the cheek
buccinator, blowing and sucking and to keep bolus between teeth.
muscles of the neck
platysma, depresses mandible and angle of mouth tenses skin over inf face.
layers of the scalp
five layers. Skin, Connective tissue arteries and veins form anastamosing network, Aponeurosis, Loose areolar connective tissue contains emissary veins diploic veins. Periranium.
muscles of mastication
all insert into mandible and act on temporomandibular joint. masseter temporalis medial and lateral pterygois. innervated by mandibular part of trigeminal nerve, the maxillary and opthalmic are purely sensory.
muscles that assist in mastication
digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid assist in depressing the jaw, to allow this the hyoid bone must be fixed by infrahyoid muscles.
masseter
most powerful,lies superficially to pterygoids and temporalis, originates maxillary process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic arch of temporal bone. Attach ramus of mandible. Elevates mandible.
temporalis
muscle covered by tough fascia harvested to repair perforated tympanic membrane. Originates temporal fossa, insert coronoid process mandible. elevates and retracts jaw.
medial pterygoid
inf to LP. superficial head originates from maxilla, deep head from lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone attach to ramus of mandible. elevates mandible.
lateral pterygoid
superior head from greater wing of sphenoid, inf head lateral pterygoid plate, attach neck mandible. Protract jaw side to side movement.
parotid gland
largest salivary gland, produces serous saliva. extends over masseter muscle pierces buccinator muscle. recieves parasymp(glossopharyngeal) symp(thicken saliva) and sensory(auriculotemporal) innervation. facial nerve splits into branches in the gland. external carotid divides into maxillary and superficial temporal in gland.
tongue
filiform just touch not taste. funciform and circumvalate pupillae.
intrinsic muscles of the toungue
alter shape of tongue. inf and sup longditudinal, transverse and vertical
extrinsic muscles of the tongue
palatoglossus, styloglossus, genioglossus, hyoglossus
Anterior compartment of the neck contents
superior boundary-mandible, laterally-SCM, medially imagionary sagital line. supra and infrahyoid muscles. CCA E,ICA, IJV, facial glossopharyngeal vagus accessory and hypoglossal nerve
carotid triangle contents
post belly digastric, SCM, Omohyoid borders. CCA IJV hypoglossal and vagus.
submental triangle contents
lymph nodes. Hyoid ant belly digastric borders.
submandibular triangle
submandibular gland and lymph nodes. facial artery and vein. mandible, ant belly digastric and post belly are boundaries.
muscular triangle
infrahyoid, pharynx, thyroid parathyroid glands.
boundaries hyoid, oomohyoid, SCM.
posterior border than the neck
SCM, trapezius, clavicle. contains omohyoid, levator scapulae, EJV, CERVICAL ARTERY, SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY AND VEIN. accessory nerve. cervical plaxus. brachial plaexus. omohyoid splits into occipital and subclavicular.
outer ear
auricle, external acoustic meatus. Pinna: concha, helix antihelix, tragus anti tragus and lobule. BS posterior auricular and superficial temporal. great auricular and auriculotemporal nerve.
external auditory meatus: walls-lateral third is cartilaginous, medial two third is bone. cerumen (waxx) is produced by ceruminous and sebaceous glands in subcutaneous tissue of cartilaginous part.
tympanic membrane-externally. concave towards EAM. umbo peak depression. pars flaccida and tense part. innervated external by auriculotemporal nerve, internal glossopharyngeal.
middle ear
transfers energy from waves in air to fluid membrane waves in cochlear. roof:tegmental-tegmen tympani. seperates from dura on MCF. Floor-jugular. Anterior-carotid-opening for auditory tube and tensor tympani muscle. posterior-mastoid-connecting to mastoid cells, camal for facial nerve. medial-labrynth-from internal ear, promontary-basal coil cochlear. oval and round windows. lateral-membranous-tympanic membrane. middle ear 2 parts, tympanic cavity proper, epitympanic recess. contains ossicles malleus incus stapes, stapedius and tensor tympani muscles, chorda tympani nerve, tympanic plexus. auditory tube, medial 1/3 bony remaining cartilaginous. The levator veli palatini and tensor veli palatini muscles attach to the cartilaginous portion of the auditory tube and are actively involved in opening it.
inner ear
in the otic capsule in petrous part temporal bone. bony and membranous labrynth. bony labrynth contains perilymph. vestibule (utricle and sacule, continuous with post cranial fossa by vestibular aqueduct), semicircular canals(swelling ampulla, cont ducts) and cochlea( central modiolus, scala vestibule and tympani)
membranous labrynth: endolymph. scala media, high in K which is carried into hair cells by mechano electric transduction current. utricle and saccule and SCD in SSC. utricle communicates with saccule via utricosaccular duct, endolymphatic duct comes off. saccule cont with cochlear at ductus reuniens. cochlear has vestibular/reissner and basilar membrane.
pharynx
fibromuscular, base skull to oesophagus. passage for air and food. naso oro and laryngo. terminates at level c6. waldeyers ring pharyngeal, tubal, palatine and lingual. Some of the upper fibres of the superior constrictor muscle combine with fibres of the palatopharyngeal muscle to form Passavant’s ridge.The salpingopharyngeus elevates the pharynx and assists in opening the auditory tube.Innermost - mucosal layer - the type of epithelium is dependent on location
Middle - fibromuscular layer which is comprised of the pharyngobasilar fascia, pharyngeal raphe and muscles
Outermost - the buccopharyngeal fascia which contains nerves and vessels. muscles-stylo, palato, salpingo and constrictors.
larynx skeleton
hyoid bone. thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, epiglottis, corniculate and cuneform cartilage. thyroid c4, hyoid c2, cricoid c6.
membranes and ligaments of the larynx
thyrohyoid, medial and lateral thyrohyoid lig. cricothyroid mem attaches to arytenoids. aryepiglotic mem.
regions of the larynx
supraglottic cavity:Extends from the laryngeal inlet to the vestibular folds
Ventricle:The recess that extends laterally between the vestibular and vocal folds
infraglottic cavity: the region between the vocal folds and the trachea.
Saccule: An outpouching of the mucous membrane from the ventricle which contains many mucosal glands
Glottis/rima glottis: The opening/space between the two vocal cords
extrinsic muscles of the larynx
suprahyoid: digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid. stylohyoid.
infrahyoid: thyrohyoid. sternothyroid. sternohyoid. omohyoid.
intrinsic muscles of the larynx
oblique and transverse arytenoid (adduct). aryepiglottic, cricothyroid(tense VF), posterior cricoarytenoid (abduct VF). thyroarytenoid(narrow inlet), lateral cricoarytenoid(adduct VF).
features of the nose
dorsum: extends from root to tip. nares: openings. Bridge: upper part dorsum of nose. Ala: flared part. Septum: midline divides cavity into 2 parts. root: part continuous with forehead.
bones of the nose
nasal, maxilla, frontal, ethmoid and vomer sphenoid inf nasal conchae palatine lacrimal.
cartilage of nose
septal, lateral and alar.
walls of the nose
roof: nasal part frontal bone. body sphenoid. cribiform plate. nasal bone
Medial: perpendicular plate of ethmoid. vomer
lateral: medial surface of maxilla. inf nasal conchae. medial pterygoid plate. lacrimal.
labrynth of ethmoid. vertical plate palatine
floor: palatine process of maxilla. horizontal plate of palatine.
features of nasal cavity
lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells. the olfactory mucosa is above the SNC.
arterial supply of nose
ethmoidal-opthalamic ICA. sphenopalatine and greater palatine from maxillary and superior labial from facial from ECA. sphenopalatine supplies the chonchae and meatus.
superior labial, GP and SP supply loer part septum. ant and post ethmoidal supply roof.A common site for nose bleed (epistaxis) is the lower anterior part of the septum. This is a site rich in capillaries where all the five vessels supplying the nasal septum anatomose.
venous drainage of nose
sphenopalatine facial and opthalamic. trigeminal nerve supplies sensation. facial nerve supplies parasymp to nasal glands.
paranasal sinuses
lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium. frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, sphenoid. frontal maxillary and ethmoidal drain into middle meatus. sphenoid drains into spehnoethmoidal recess. posterior ethmoidal into superior meatus.
maxillary most likely to get blocked as only drains when full more prone infection.
hard palate
roof mouth floor nose. palatine process maxilla and palatine bone. insicive(nasopalatine) GP (greater palatine nerve and artery) and LP foramen. (LP N,A)
soft palate
elevated during swallowing prevent food entering nasopharynx. tensor veli palatini: tenses soft palate opens eustachian tube. from sphenoid and auditory tube to palatine.
levator veli palatini: elevates soft palate. from eustachian tube and temporal bone to palate.
palatopharyngeous:elevates pharyns, palate to pharynx.
palatoglussos: elevates tongue and narrows oropharyngeal isthmus. from palate to tongue.
muscular uvulae: elevates uvula, hard palate to uvula.
fissures and sulcus of brain
longditudinal fissure between right and L hemispheres. cantral sulcus seperates frontal and parietal. parieto-occipital sulcus. lateral fissure seperates temporal from frontal and parietal. calcarine sulcus lies between gyrus of PVC.
nerve fibres
association fibres (superior and inf longditudinal fasciculi) interconnect cortical sites in same hemisphere. commisural fibres (corpus callosum, ant commissure) pass between right and left hemispheres. projection fibres (afferent efferent) pass between cortex and subcortical regions like thalamus BS spinal cord.
divisions of internal capsule
anterior( Contains connections between the thalamus and prefrontal cortex and frontopontine fibres that connect the frontal cortex to the pontine nuclei.) genu, posterior ( Contains corticobulbar and corticospinal fibres and also thalamocortical fibres that pass between the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus and the primary sensory cortex.) and retrolenticular part. Contain fibres that pass from the lateral geniculate nucleus (of thalamus) to the visual cortex and from the medial geniculate nucleus (of thalamus) to the auditory cortex.
cervical vertebrae
inf articular facets face ant and inf. transverse processes have foramen transversarium. SAF face post and sup. small broad body. large triangle VF. spinous process small and bifid.
thoracic vertebrae
spinous process is long and points down. small circular VF. medium sized heart shaped body. costal facets. SAF face posteriorly and laterally.
lumbar vertebrae
superior articular facets face medially. triangular VF. Inf AF face laterally. large kidney shaped body. pedicles strong and face backward. spinous process short flat and quadrangular.
atypical vertebrae
C1 2 and 7.
atlas C1 doesnt have body or spinous process. ant and post arches two lateral masses articulate occipital condyle.
C2 axis odontoid process/dens.
C7 lonng non bifid spinous process easily palpabal. FT only vertebral vein.
atlanto occipital joint
allow flexion extension and lateral flexion. atlanto-occipital membrane is a continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament
atlanto axial joint
apical alar transverse cruciate membrane tectoria.
zygophopheseal joint
located between adjacent vertebral arches. They are formed by the articular surfaces of adjacent superior and inferior articular facets. They are synovial plane joints
dura matter of brain
Consists of an outer periosteal layer and an inner meningeal layer.
arachnoid matter
Thin, avascular membrane composed of fibroblasts, collagen fibres and some elastic fibres. It is pushed up against the inner surface of the dura mater by the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid
Pia matter
. A very thin, highly vascularized membrane that adheres to the surface of the brain and follows all its contours.
Extradural space
A pathological space that forms when blood leaks from torn meningeal vessels and pushes the periosteum away from the cranium.
subarachnoid space
Lies between the arachnoid mater and pia mater, it contains cerebrospinal fluid, arteries and veins.
epidural
space between dura and arachnoid
diaphragmatic sellae
A sheet of dura mater which attaches to the clinoid process of the sphenoid bone. It covers the pituitary gland and contains an opening through which the infundibulum and hypophysial veins pass.
falx cerebelli
A dural reflection that attaches to the internal occipital crest, it partially separates the cerebellar hemispheres.
falx cerebri
An infolding of meningeal dura mater located in the longitudinal fissure. Attaches to the median plane of the calvarium from the frontal crest of frontal bone and crista galli of ethmoid bone anteriorly to the internal occipital protuberance posteriorly.
tentorium cerebelli
Dural reflection which separates the occipital lobes from the cerebellum. It attaches to the clinoid processes of sphenoid bone, petrous temporal bone, internal surface of occipital bone and part of the parietal bone.
neurovascular supply of dura
most important middle meningeal artery enters middle cranial fossa via foramen spinosum, bifurcate frontal parietal branches. forms groove internal aspect skull. arises from maxillary artery, lies between layers of dura and most vulnerable at pterion. vein joins pterygoid plaxus then maillary vein. stimulation of vagus trigeminal and cervical nerve due stretch of dura causes headahce. Stimulation of nerve endings above the level of the tentorium cerebelli results in headache on the same side of the head. Stimulation of receptors below the tentorium cerebelli leads to pain on the back of the neck and scalp
spinal meninges arachnoid matter
Thin, avascular membrane that lines the dural sac and the dural root sheaths.
spinal dura matter
Tough fibrous membrane that forms the spinal dural sac.
spinal denticulate ligament
Fibrous sheet of pia mater which suspends the spinal cord in the dural sac. It extends laterally from the spinal cord and attaches to the inner surface of the dural sac.
dural root sheath
Lateral extensions of the spinal dura mater which surround the nerve roots.
epidural space
A space that exists between the duramater of the spinal cord and the periosteum of the vertebrae. It contains fat and a venous plexus.
lumbar cistern
An enlargement of the subarachnoid space, caudal to the conus medullaris, extending between L2 to S2 vertebra. It contains CSF and the cauda equina.
pia matter
Thin, transparent membrane that directly covers the spinal cord, the roots of the spinal nerves and the spinal blood vessels.
subarachnoid space
Lies between the arachnoid mater and pia mater, it contains cerebrospinal fluid, arteries and veins.
subcristal plane
The spinous process of L4 is determined by a plane that transects the highest points of the iliac crests.
ventricular system
lined epindymal cells called choroid plexus secretes CSF. lateral-interventricular foramen-third-cerebral aqeuduct-fourth-median n lateral apetures-subarachnoid space. returned via arachnoid villi into dural venous sinus. cisterns contain greater amounts. chiasmatic, interpeduncular, pontocerebellar, cerebellomedullary, quadrigeminal.
dural venous sinuses
drain into internal jugular vein. cavernous sinus has arteries and 5 nerves.
sutures of skull.
frontal, saggital, lamdoidal. fontanelles before and after closure: Anterior-bregma, Posterior-Lambda, Posterolateral-Asterion. Anterolateral Pterion.
temporomandibular joint
synovial hinge. covered fibro cartilage. temporomandibular, stylomandibular and sphenomandibular ligament.
