leg anatomy Flashcards
medial collateral ligament
joint to the meniscus
oblique popliteal ligament
An expansion of the semimembranosus tendon that strengthens the posterior aspect of the capsule.
arcuate popliteal ligament
A thickening of the posterior capsule fibres which arches over the tendon of the popliteus
lateral meniscus
A pad of fibrocartilage cartilage that forms four-fifths of a circle, it is attached anteriorly and posteriorly to the tibia and attached loosely to the capsule. It is separated from the lateral collateral ligament by the popliteal tendon.
bursa of knee
suprapatellar, prepatellar, subcutaneous and deep infrapatellar, gastrocnemius lateral and medial. semimembranous. popliteus, anserine.
hiltons law
Hilton’s law is a law that is useful to remember. It states that the nerves that innervate the muscles that act on a joint, and those that innervate the skin over the joint, also innervate the joint
superficial gluteal muscles
Gluteus maximus, medius and minnimus. Tensor facia lata.
iliofemoral ligament
prevents hyper extention. It originates from the ilium, immediately inferior to the anterior inferior iliac spine.The ligament attaches to the intertrochanteric line in two places, giving the ligament a Y shaped appearance.
Ishiofemoral ligament
It originates from the ischium of the pelvis and attaches to the greater trochanter of the femur. prevents excessive extention,
pubofemoral ligament
It attaches at the pelvis to the iliopubic eminance and obturator membrane, and then blends with the articular capsule. It prevents excessive abduction and extension.
tensor fascia lata
acts as a flexor, abductor and internal rotator of the hip originates from the iliac crest, and descends down the superolateral thigh. At the junction of the middle and upper thirds of the thigh, it inserts into the anterior aspect of the iliotibial tract.
gluteus maximus
originates from posterior surface of ilium,sacrum and coccyx. inserts iliotibial tract and greater trochanter. Extensor, lateral rotation. innervated by inferior gluteal nerve.
gluteus medius and minimus
originates ilium, and inserts into ant/lat surface greater trochanter. Abduct and medially rotate. secures pelvis preventing drop. Superior gluteal nerve.
deep muscles of the gluteal region
piriformis, superior and inf gamelli, obturator internus and quadratus femoris.
Piriformis
originates from the ant surface of the sacrum, through greater sciatic foramen and inserts into greater trochanter. Lateral rotation and abduction. Nerve to Piriformis.
Obturator internus
forms the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity, originates from pubis and ischium at obturator foramen, travels through lesser sciatic foramen and attaches to the greater trochanter. lateral rotation and abduction. nerve to obturator internus.
superior and inferior gamelli
superior originates ishial spine, inf from tuberosity. attach greater trochanter. lateral and abduction. Superior innervated nerve ob internus, inf nerve to quadratus femoris.
quadratus fermoris
originates lateral side of ischial tuberosity, attaches quadrate tuberosity. lateral rotation. nerve to quadratus femoris.
muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh
sartorius, iliopsoas, vastus medialis and lateralis and intermedius, pectineus, rectus femoris. Innervated by the femoral nerve L2-4, generally extend leg at knee
iliopsoas
psoas major originates from lumbar vertebrae. iliacus originates from iliac fossa. insert into the lesser trochanter. flexes at the hip joint lateral rotation. Psoas major L1-3
quadriceps femoris
four muscles, vastus’ and rectus femoris. attaches to the patella which attaches to the tibia via patella lig. main extensor of the knee.
Vastus muscles
medialis, intermedius and lateralis. innervated femoral nerve. lateral origin greater trochanter, medial origin intertrochanteric line, intermedius shaft of femur.
rectus femoris
originates from the ilium, attaches patella at quadriceps femoris tendon. flexes leg at hip extends at knee. femoral nerve.
sartorius
longest muscle in the body. originates anterior superior iliac spine, attaches superior medial surface of the tibia. at hip flexor abductor and lateral rotator, flexor at knee joint. femoral nerve.
pectineus
forms the base of the femoral triangle. transition from ant to medial compartment of thigh. originates pectineal line on anterior surface of pelvis, attaches to pectineal line femur. adduction and flexor at hip. femoral nerve.
muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh
gracilis, adductor magnus, longus and brevis, obturator externus, obturator nerve and artery
adductor magnus
adductor part originates inferior rami of pubis and ishium. attaching to linea aspera. Hamstring portion originates ishial tuberosity attaches adductor tubercle. adduct and flex. hamstring portion extends. obturator and tibial nerve
adductor longus
medial border of femoral triangle. originates pubis attaching linear aspera. adduction and medial rotation. obturator nerve
adductor brevis
landmark for obturator nerve ant n post divisions. originates body pubis attaches linea aspera. adduction.
obturator externus
originates from membrane of obturator foramen, attach post aspect of greater trochanter. laterally rotates.
gracilis
can be used to replace damaged muscle in forearm. originates inferior rami of pubis. attach medial surface tibia, adduct flex at knee.
muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh
semimembranosis, semitendanosis, biceps femoris. hamstrings. extend at hip flex at knee. sciatic nerve.
biceps femoris
most lateral muscle. long head originates ishial tuberosity short head linea aspera, insert into head fibula. long head tibial part, short common fibular.
semitendinosus
covers majority of semimembranosus. originates ischial tuberosity medial surface tibia. tibial part sciatic
semimembranosus
originates ischial tuberosity medial tibial condyle. tibial part sciatic
muscle of the posterior compartment of the leg
superficial- plantaris, soleus, gastrocnemius. deep-popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallicus longus. plantarflex and invert foot. Tibial nerve.
Gastrocnemius
most superficial. two heads. mainly fast twitch fibres. originate lateral and medial condyle of femur. insert calcaneal tendon. plantarflex, flex of knee.
calcaneal tendon
reflex s1-2. two bursae to reduce friction. subcutaneus and deep.
plantaris
absent in 10% people. originates lateral supracondylar line of femur. blends calcaneal tendon. plantarflexes, flex knee.
soleus
originates soleal line of tibia, calcaneal tendon, plantarflexes.
popliteus
forms base of popliteal fossa. bursa. originates tibia, attach lateral condyle femur. unlock knee. laterall rotate femur.
tibialis posterior
originates interossus mem, and surfaces of tibia fibula. attaches plantar surfaces of medial tarsal bones, navicular, cuneforms, cuboid, calcaneus and base 2-4 metatarsal. inverts and plantarflex, medial arch.
flexor digitorum llongus
originates tibia attaches lateral 4 digits. flex toes.
flexor hallucis longus
originates fibula, attaches phalanx big toe.
Tom Dick & A Very Nervous Harry
order muscles behind medial malleolus. tibialis post, flexor digit, artery vein nerve, flexor hallucis.
anterior compartment of leg
extensor digitorum longus, tibialis anterior, extensor halllucis longus and peroneus tertius. dorsiflex and invert. extend toes. deep fibular/ peroneal nerve.
Tibialis anterior
strongest dorsiflexor. to test power can be asked to stand on heels. originates lateral surface of tibia, attaches medial cuneform and base metatarsal 1,
extensor digitorum longus
originate lateral condyle tibia, insert 4 toes.
extensor hallucis longus
lies deepest, originates medial surface fibular. attach base distal phalanx great toe.
fibularis tertius
not present in all individuals arises from EDL and fibular. attaches metatarsal 5. eversion and dorsiflecion.
lateral compartment of the leg
fibularis/peroneal longus and brevis. eversion. prevent excessive inversion.superficial peroneal nerve L4 - S1
fibularis longus
fibilar and lateral tibial condyle, attach medial cuneiform and metatarsal I.
fibularis brevis
originates fibular shaft, attach tubercle metatarsal 5.
plantar fascia
holds the parts of the foot together, protects the sole from injury and helps support the longitudinal ligaments. It is thickened in its central part to form the plantar aponeurosis. The plantar aponeurosis arises from the calcaneus posteriorly and is continuous anteriorly with the fibrous digital sheaths that cover the flexor tendons
muscles of the dorsum of the foot
many tendons-EDL EHL TA. Only 2 muscles EHB EDB. deep fibular nerve
Extensor digitorum brevis
lies deep to the tendon of EDL. Originates calcaneus, talocalcaneal lig and extensor retinaculum. Attaches extensor tendons 4 digits. extend at metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal.
Extensor hallucis brevis
originates calcaneus extensor retinaculum. Attaches base proximal phalanx. extend at metatarspphalangeal.
Plantar muscles of the foot
10 intrinsic muscles. stabalise arches of foot. control digits. medial plantar nerve lateral plantar nerve, branches tibial. 4 layers.
first layer of the foot
flexor digitorum brevis (arises tubercle calcaneum, medial plantar), abductor hallucis (tubercle calcaneum, medial plantar) and abuctor digit minimi. (medial and lateral tubercle calcanuem, Lateral plantar)
second layer of the foot
contains tendons of flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus. Quadratus plantae (calcaneus-FDL, lateral plantar nerve) and lumbricle muscles. (medial to each toe, from tendon of FDL, 1 from medial, rest lateral plantar nerve)
third layer of the foot
flexor hallucis brevis (cuboid, base proximal phalanx, medial plantar) Adductor hallucis (oblique and transverse head, attach lateral base proximal phalanx, transverse arch of foot, lateral plantar) flexor digiti minimi brevis (base 5th metatarsal to base proximal phalanx, lateral plantar)
fourth layer
Plantar and dorsal interossei. plantar are unipennate, dorsal bipennate. plantar medial side 3-5. adducts-lateral plantar nerve. dorsal-2-5. abducts. lateral plantar.
what makes up the medial arch of the foot
calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiform, first to 3 metatarsal
what makes up the lateral arch of the foot
calcaneus, cuboid, fourth and fifth metatarsal
transverse arch of the foot
cuboid, cuneiform, base of metatarsal
