Neuroanatomy 3 Flashcards
what feeds into the primary motor area
premotor area
supplementary motor area
cingulate motor area
where does information go after the primary motor area/down the spinal cord
cerebellum and basal ganglia which feed back on how to coordinate function
what acts as the gateway to the motor cortex
thalamus
what is the cerebellum
lobed organ - anterior lobe, posterior lobe, flocculonodular lobe
what are the lobes of the cerebellum from small to large
flocculonodular lobe
anterior lobe
posterior lobe
how is the cerebellum attached to the brain stem
3 stumps of white matter - peduncles
superior
middle
inferior
what is the largest peduncle
the middle cerebellum peduncle
what is the vermis
section in the middle of the cerebellum
what is the arbor vitae
white matter branching in the cerebellum
what are gyri in the cerebellum called
folia
sulcus still called sulcus
what are the deep cerebellar nuclei
deep grey matter inside the white matter in the cerebellum
projects information out of the cerebellum
what layers is the cerebellum made up of
Molecular layer - outer
Purkinje layer (giant cells) - middle
granule cell layer -granule layer
what do the purkinje cells do
send information to the deep nuclei which then send it out to the cerebrum
what inputs go into the cerebellum
inputs from
spinal cord
cerebral cortex (relayed via pons)
vestibular apparatus via vestibular nuclei
what outputs leave the cerebellum
from deep nuclei to thalamus then do the motor cortex
is the cerebellum ipsilateral or bilateral brains
ipsilateral brain
right cerebral hemisphere does movement in the right side
left in the left
what impact does a midline lesion in the cerebellum have
disturbance of postural control
what impact does a unilateral hemispheric lesion in the cerebellum have
disturbance of coordination in the limbs - can result in intention tremor and unsteady gate
what happens in bilateral cerebellar dysfunction
slowed, slurred speech
bilateral incoordination of the arms and a staggering, wide based gate
can be caused by acute alcohol exposure
what is the basal ganglia (nucleus)
number of masses of grey matter located near the base of each cerebral hemisphere
caudate nucleus putamen globes pallidus sub thalamic nucleus substantia nigra
what does the basal ganglia do
Facilitates purposeful movement
Inhibits unwanted movements
Role in posture and muscle tone
where is the caudate nucleus
large grey matter structure under the lateral ventricles
where us the putamen
next grey matter structure under the caudate nucleus
where is the globes pallidus
underneath the putamen
what is Parkinson’s
degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantiated nigra
how does the basal ganglia work with the motor cortex to suppress unwanted movement
by inhibiting outflow of the thalamus
what do unilateral lesions of the basal ganglia affect
the central lateral side of the body
what do lesions of the basal ganglia cause
changes in muscle tone
dyskinesias (abnormal involuntary movements)
what are some signs of Parkinson’s
akinesia
rigidity
resting tremor
What is Huntington’s disease
autosomal dominant disorder - progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex
signs of Huntington’s
chorea
progressive dementia
