Neuroanatomy 3

Question 1

what feeds into the primary motor area

Answer 1

premotor area
supplementary motor area
cingulate motor area

Question 2

where does information go after the primary motor area/down the spinal cord

Answer 2

cerebellum and basal ganglia which feed back on how to coordinate function

Question 3

what acts as the gateway to the motor cortex

Answer 3

thalamus

Question 4

what is the cerebellum

Answer 4

lobed organ - anterior lobe, posterior lobe, flocculonodular lobe

Question 5

what are the lobes of the cerebellum from small to large

Answer 5

flocculonodular lobe
anterior lobe
posterior lobe

Question 6

how is the cerebellum attached to the brain stem

Answer 6

3 stumps of white matter - peduncles

superior
middle
inferior

Question 7

what is the largest peduncle

Answer 7

the middle cerebellum peduncle

Question 8

what is the vermis

Answer 8

section in the middle of the cerebellum

Question 9

what is the arbor vitae

Answer 9

white matter branching in the cerebellum

Question 10

what are gyri in the cerebellum called

Answer 10

folia

sulcus still called sulcus

Question 11

what are the deep cerebellar nuclei

Answer 11

deep grey matter inside the white matter in the cerebellum

projects information out of the cerebellum

Question 12

what layers is the cerebellum made up of

Answer 12

Molecular layer - outer
Purkinje layer (giant cells) - middle
granule cell layer -granule layer

Question 13

what do the purkinje cells do

Answer 13

send information to the deep nuclei which then send it out to the cerebrum

Question 14

what inputs go into the cerebellum

Answer 14

inputs from
spinal cord
cerebral cortex (relayed via pons)
vestibular apparatus via vestibular nuclei

Question 15

what outputs leave the cerebellum

Answer 15

from deep nuclei to thalamus then do the motor cortex

Question 16

is the cerebellum ipsilateral or bilateral brains

Answer 16

ipsilateral brain

right cerebral hemisphere does movement in the right side

left in the left

Question 17

what impact does a midline lesion in the cerebellum have

Answer 17

disturbance of postural control

Question 18

what impact does a unilateral hemispheric lesion in the cerebellum have

Answer 18

disturbance of coordination in the limbs - can result in intention tremor and unsteady gate

Question 19

what happens in bilateral cerebellar dysfunction

Answer 19

slowed, slurred speech
bilateral incoordination of the arms and a staggering, wide based gate

can be caused by acute alcohol exposure

Question 20

what is the basal ganglia (nucleus)

Answer 20

number of masses of grey matter located near the base of each cerebral hemisphere

caudate nucleus 
putamen 
globes pallidus 
sub thalamic nucleus 
substantia nigra

Question 21

what does the basal ganglia do

Answer 21

Facilitates purposeful movement

Inhibits unwanted movements

Role in posture and muscle tone

Question 22

where is the caudate nucleus

Answer 22

large grey matter structure under the lateral ventricles

Question 23

where us the putamen

Answer 23

next grey matter structure under the caudate nucleus

Question 24

where is the globes pallidus

Answer 24

underneath the putamen

Question 25

what is Parkinson’s

Answer 25

degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantiated nigra

Question 26

how does the basal ganglia work with the motor cortex to suppress unwanted movement

Answer 26

by inhibiting outflow of the thalamus

Question 27

what do unilateral lesions of the basal ganglia affect

Answer 27

the central lateral side of the body

Question 28

what do lesions of the basal ganglia cause

Answer 28

changes in muscle tone

dyskinesias (abnormal involuntary movements)

Question 29

what are some signs of Parkinson’s

Answer 29

akinesia
rigidity
resting tremor

Question 30

What is Huntington’s disease

Answer 30

autosomal dominant disorder - progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex

Question 31

signs of Huntington’s

Answer 31

chorea

progressive dementia