Anatomy 2 Flashcards
what is the ‘back’
posterior aspect of the trunk
functions of the back
maintenance of posture
movement of limbs and trunk
what is the first palpable spinus process in 70% of people
C7
what is the first palpable sipnus process in 30% of people
T1
Surface muscles of the back
Trapezius (3 parts, descending, transverse and ascending)
teres major
latissimus doors
what are the extrinsic back muscles
back muscles which attach outwit the back - the pectoral girdle
trapezius
elevator scapulae
rhomboids
latissimus doors
what nerve usually innervates extrinsic back muscles
anterior rami of cervical nerves
what nerve innervates the trapezius
spinal accessory
function of the intrinsic back muscles
maintain back posture
move spine
what are the 2 groups of intrinsic back muscles
Erector spinal (superficial) Transversospinalis (deep)
what is the erector spinaemuscle
group of 3 muscles that run laterally to the spine - attach to the sacrum and lower spinous processes
attachment of erector spinae
either:
a rib
a transverse process of vertebrae
a spinous process of vertebrae
what muscle commonly causes low back pain
erector spinae strain
what is the transversospinalis muscle
back muscle located between transverse and spinous processes
where do individual muscle fibres of the transversospinalis attach
a vertebra and the skull
a vertebra and a rib
on vertebrae and another
the sacrum and vertebra
what nerves supply the intrinsic back muscles
segmental nerve supply as per the dermatome/myotome pattern
posterior rami branches of:
- cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar
what is a less common cause of low back pain
referred visceral pain
- AAA
- Kidneys
- bowel
- pelvic disease
which back muscles maintain posture
erector spinal and transversospinalis
how is the spine extended
bilateral contraction of erector spinae
what causes lateral flection of the spine
unilateral flexion of the erector spinae
why do vertebrae get bigger as u go down the spinal column
because they’re holding more weight
they then get smaller when weight is transferred to lower limbs
functions of the vertebral column
support head and trunk when upright
protect the spinal cord (and nerves)
allow movement of head on neck and trunk movements
what are the curvatures of the vertebral column
Cervical lordosis (secondary curve formed) Thoracic kyphosis (primary- same as found in fetus) Lumbar lordosis (secondary) Sacral kyphosis (primary)
what are the features of a typical vertebrae
Vertebral body 2 pedicles 2 lamina vertebral arch 2 transverse prowesses 1 spinous process 2 inferior articular processes 2 superior arcticular processes (facet joints to other vertebrae)
what forms the intervertebral foramen
form between adjacent vertebrae
spinal nerves go through here
what is a facet joint
where inferior articular process attaches to the superior articular process of another vertebrae
what are the intervertebral discs
between bodies of adjacent vertebrae
strong attachment
can herniate
where are the intervertebral discs
in between the vertebrae
what makes up the intervertebral disc
annulus fibrosis - outer strong bond
nucleus pulposus - inner soft pulp
what allows movement between vertebrae
intervertebral discs - each small disc moves a tiny bit but it is summative
what are the spinal ligaments
Ligamentum flavum Posterior longitudinal ligament Anterior longitudinal ligament Supraspinous ligament Interspinous ligament
describe the ligament flavum
short ligament
connects adjacent laminae posterior to spinal cord
describe posterior longitudinal ligament
narrow, weak ligament
less support for disc
prevents over flexion of spine
describe anterior longitudinal ligament
broad, strong
strong support for discs
prevents over extension
describe supraspinus ligament
connects tips of spinous processes
strong, fibrous
describe intersponus ligaments
connects superior and inferior surfaces of adjacent spinous processes
weak, membranous
What are typical features of cervical vertebrae
transverse foramen
bifid spinous process
triangular shaped vertebral foramen
describe C1
Atlas
no body of spinous process
head posterior arch and anterior arch instead
describe C2
Axis
had ODONTOID process
projects superiorly from body
describe C7
vertebrae prominent
first palpable process in 70% of people
what vertebrae have the most space around the spinal cord
cervical vertebrae
what is the Atlanta-occipital joint
joint between the occipital condyles of the skull and the facet joints of the atlas
what movements does the Atlanta-occipital joint do
flexion and extension of neck
little lateral flexion and rotation
how many articulations does the Atlanta-axial joints have
3 - all synovial
2 between inferior articular facets of atlas and superior articular facets of axis
1 between anterior arch of atlas and odontoid process of axis
why can the spinal cord sometimes escape in a slight cervical dislocation
because the intervertebral space is wider and there is more room for the cord
what are the stages of cervical dislocation
1- flexion sprain
2- anterior subluxation - 25% translation
3- 50% translation
4- complete dislocation
what is in the sacrum instead of vertebral foramen
sacral canal - flows into sacral hiatus
where do spinal nerves exit the sacrum
anterior and posterior sacral foraminae
where does the spinal cord start and end
start - foramen magnum
ends - vertebral level L1/L2
what is in the vertebral column after L1/L2
the cauda equine
- all spinal nerve roots from L2-Co that have to descend through the column to get to where they need to go
what surrounds the spinal cord
3 meninges
dura
arachnoid
pia
what is between the dura mater and the bone
epidural fat with venous plexus in it
what happens in the venous plexus is disrupted in spinal anaesthetics
venous haematoma which can compress of spinal cord
where should spinal and epidural anaesthetics be inserted
L3/L4 intervertebral space
what does the needle go through in epidural
supraspinous ligament
interspinous ligament
ligamanetum flavum
then into epidural space
what does the needle go through in lumbar puncture
keep going past the epidural space into the dura and the arachnoid mater
what is laminectomy
removal of the lamina of the vertebrae
