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3 Neurology > Anatomy 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the ‘back’

A

posterior aspect of the trunk

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2
Q

functions of the back

A

maintenance of posture

movement of limbs and trunk

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3
Q

what is the first palpable spinus process in 70% of people

A

C7

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4
Q

what is the first palpable sipnus process in 30% of people

A

T1

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5
Q

Surface muscles of the back

A

Trapezius (3 parts, descending, transverse and ascending)

teres major

latissimus doors

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6
Q

what are the extrinsic back muscles

A

back muscles which attach outwit the back - the pectoral girdle

trapezius
elevator scapulae
rhomboids
latissimus doors

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7
Q

what nerve usually innervates extrinsic back muscles

A

anterior rami of cervical nerves

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8
Q

what nerve innervates the trapezius

A

spinal accessory

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9
Q

function of the intrinsic back muscles

A

maintain back posture

move spine

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10
Q

what are the 2 groups of intrinsic back muscles

A 
Erector spinal (superficial) 
Transversospinalis (deep)
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11
Q

what is the erector spinaemuscle

A

group of 3 muscles that run laterally to the spine - attach to the sacrum and lower spinous processes

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12
Q

attachment of erector spinae

A

either:
a rib
a transverse process of vertebrae
a spinous process of vertebrae

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13
Q

what muscle commonly causes low back pain

A

erector spinae strain

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14
Q

what is the transversospinalis muscle

A

back muscle located between transverse and spinous processes

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15
Q

where do individual muscle fibres of the transversospinalis attach

A

a vertebra and the skull
a vertebra and a rib
on vertebrae and another
the sacrum and vertebra

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16
Q

what nerves supply the intrinsic back muscles

A

segmental nerve supply as per the dermatome/myotome pattern

posterior rami branches of:

  • cervical
  • thoracic
  • lumbar
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17
Q

what is a less common cause of low back pain

A

referred visceral pain

  • AAA
  • Kidneys
  • bowel
  • pelvic disease
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18
Q

which back muscles maintain posture

A

erector spinal and transversospinalis

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19
Q

how is the spine extended

A

bilateral contraction of erector spinae

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20
Q

what causes lateral flection of the spine

A

unilateral flexion of the erector spinae

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21
Q

why do vertebrae get bigger as u go down the spinal column

A

because they’re holding more weight

they then get smaller when weight is transferred to lower limbs

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22
Q

functions of the vertebral column

A

support head and trunk when upright

protect the spinal cord (and nerves)

allow movement of head on neck and trunk movements

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23
Q

what are the curvatures of the vertebral column

A 
Cervical lordosis (secondary curve formed) 
Thoracic kyphosis (primary- same as found in fetus)
Lumbar lordosis (secondary) 
Sacral kyphosis (primary)
24
Q

what are the features of a typical vertebrae

A 
Vertebral body 
2 pedicles 
2 lamina 
vertebral arch 
2 transverse prowesses 
1 spinous process 
2 inferior articular processes 
2 superior arcticular processes (facet joints to other vertebrae)
25
Q

what forms the intervertebral foramen

A

form between adjacent vertebrae

spinal nerves go through here

26
Q

what is a facet joint

A

where inferior articular process attaches to the superior articular process of another vertebrae

27
Q

what are the intervertebral discs

A

between bodies of adjacent vertebrae
strong attachment
can herniate

28
Q

where are the intervertebral discs

A

in between the vertebrae

29
Q

what makes up the intervertebral disc

A

annulus fibrosis - outer strong bond

nucleus pulposus - inner soft pulp

30
Q

what allows movement between vertebrae

A

intervertebral discs - each small disc moves a tiny bit but it is summative

31
Q

what are the spinal ligaments

A 
Ligamentum flavum 
Posterior longitudinal ligament 
Anterior longitudinal ligament 
Supraspinous ligament 
Interspinous ligament
32
Q

describe the ligament flavum

A

short ligament

connects adjacent laminae posterior to spinal cord

33
Q

describe posterior longitudinal ligament

A

narrow, weak ligament
less support for disc
prevents over flexion of spine

34
Q

describe anterior longitudinal ligament

A

broad, strong
strong support for discs
prevents over extension

35
Q

describe supraspinus ligament

A

connects tips of spinous processes

strong, fibrous

36
Q

describe intersponus ligaments

A

connects superior and inferior surfaces of adjacent spinous processes

weak, membranous

37
Q

What are typical features of cervical vertebrae

A

transverse foramen
bifid spinous process
triangular shaped vertebral foramen

38
Q

describe C1

A

Atlas

no body of spinous process
head posterior arch and anterior arch instead

39
Q

describe C2

A

Axis
had ODONTOID process
projects superiorly from body

40
Q

describe C7

A

vertebrae prominent

first palpable process in 70% of people

41
Q

what vertebrae have the most space around the spinal cord

A

cervical vertebrae

42
Q

what is the Atlanta-occipital joint

A

joint between the occipital condyles of the skull and the facet joints of the atlas

43
Q

what movements does the Atlanta-occipital joint do

A

flexion and extension of neck

little lateral flexion and rotation

44
Q

how many articulations does the Atlanta-axial joints have

A

3 - all synovial

2 between inferior articular facets of atlas and superior articular facets of axis

1 between anterior arch of atlas and odontoid process of axis

45
Q

why can the spinal cord sometimes escape in a slight cervical dislocation

A

because the intervertebral space is wider and there is more room for the cord

46
Q

what are the stages of cervical dislocation

A

1- flexion sprain
2- anterior subluxation - 25% translation
3- 50% translation
4- complete dislocation

47
Q

what is in the sacrum instead of vertebral foramen

A

sacral canal - flows into sacral hiatus

48
Q

where do spinal nerves exit the sacrum

A

anterior and posterior sacral foraminae

49
Q

where does the spinal cord start and end

A

start - foramen magnum

ends - vertebral level L1/L2

50
Q

what is in the vertebral column after L1/L2

A

the cauda equine

  • all spinal nerve roots from L2-Co that have to descend through the column to get to where they need to go
51
Q

what surrounds the spinal cord

A

3 meninges

dura
arachnoid
pia

52
Q

what is between the dura mater and the bone

A

epidural fat with venous plexus in it

53
Q

what happens in the venous plexus is disrupted in spinal anaesthetics

A

venous haematoma which can compress of spinal cord

54
Q

where should spinal and epidural anaesthetics be inserted

A

L3/L4 intervertebral space

55
Q

what does the needle go through in epidural

A

supraspinous ligament
interspinous ligament
ligamanetum flavum
then into epidural space

56
Q

what does the needle go through in lumbar puncture

A

keep going past the epidural space into the dura and the arachnoid mater

57
Q

what is laminectomy

A

removal of the lamina of the vertebrae

3 Neurology (9 decks)

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