Neuroanatomy

Question 1

What is the function of the dural partitions?

Answer 1

Restrict rotatory displacement of the brain

Question 2

What drains into the dural venous sinuses?

Answer 2

veins draining the brain
diploic veins that drain the layers of spongy skull bone
emissary veins from the scalp

Question 3

The middle meningeal artery is a branch of the

Answer 3

maxillary artery

Question 4

The middle meningeal artery enters the skull via

Answer 4

foramen spinosum

Question 5

The middle meningeal artery lies in which space?

Answer 5

epidural

Question 6

The cerebral veins lie

Answer 6

in the subarachnoid space

Question 7

Tearing of the cerebral veins leads to accumulation of blood in the

Answer 7

subdural space, where they enter the superior sagittal sinus

Question 8

What are the borders of the scalp?

Answer 8

External occipital protuberance posteriorly to the supraorbital margins anteriorly, zygomatic arches laterally

Question 9

What are the layers of the scalp from external to internal?

Answer 9

S - skin
C - connective tissue w/neurovascular structures
A - aponeurosis of occipitofrontalis
L - loose connective tissue (allows SCA to slide on skull)
P - pericranium/periosteum

Question 10

What vessels anastamose in the connective tissue layer of the scalp?

Answer 10

Internal and external carotid arteries

Question 11

Why do scalp wounds bleed profusely?

Answer 11

1. rich anastamosis of carotid arteries in the connective tissue layer
2. gape due to tension from frontalis and occipitalis if aponeurosis is severed
3. fibrous septae of the connective tissue layer adhere to vessels and hold them open, restricting constriction that promotes clotting

Question 12

Emissary veins

Answer 12

drain superficial scalp veins into the superior sagittal sinus

Question 13

Diploic veins

Answer 13

drain the diploe layer of the skull into the superior sagittal sinus

Question 14

What are the layers of the face external to internal?

Answer 14

Skin
Connective tissue
Muscles of facial expression
Fascia

Question 15

Muscles of facial expression are derived from what developmental structure?

Answer 15

2nd pharyngeal arch

Question 16

What nerve supplies the 2nd pharyngeal arch structures/muscles of facial expression?

Answer 16

CNVII - Facial

Question 17

What cranial nerve supplies the skin of the face (anterior to the ears?)

Answer 17

CNV - Trigeminal

Question 18

What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 18

Opthalmic (V1)
Maxillary (V2)
Mandibular (V3)

Question 19

What supplies the skin of the scalp posterior to the ears?

Answer 19

Dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves C2 (back of head) & C3 (neck); C1 does not have sensory fibres

Question 20

CNV V1 travels through

Answer 20

superior orbital fissure

Question 21

CNV V2 travels through

Answer 21

foramen rotundum

Question 22

CNV V3 travels through

Answer 22

foramen ovale

Question 23

What are the branches of the internal carotid that supply the forehead?

Answer 23

supraorbital and supratrochlear

Question 24

What branches of the external carotid artery supply the face?

Answer 24

facial artery, superficial temporal artery, posterior auricular artery, occipital artery

Question 25

What vein drains the majority of the face?

Answer 25

Facial

Question 26

Emissary veins from the triangle of the face drains into

Answer 26

the facial vein or cavernous sinus

Question 27

What is the lymphatic drainage of the face?

Answer 27

``` Submental nodes Submandibular nodes Pre-auricular and parotid nodes Mastoid nodes Occipital nodes ``` all drain to deep cervical nodes

Question 28

What is the parotid gland?

Answer 28

serous salivary gland

Question 29

Where does the parotid gland sit?

Answer 29

Below the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, in front of the mastoid process and ear, above the angle of the mandible, behind masseter, superficial to the styloid process

Question 30

What is the course of the parotid duct?

Answer 30

Over masseter, pierces buccinator, enters mouth at second upper molar

Question 31

What structures lie within the parotid gland (superficial to deep)?

Answer 31

CN VII - Facial retromandibular vein external carotid artery parotid lymph nodes (scattered)

Question 32

What are the 5 branches of the pes anserinus?

Answer 32

``` Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Mandibular Cervical ```

Question 33

Motor cranial nerve nuclei are found where in the brainstem?

Answer 33

medially

Question 34

Sensory cranial nerve nuclei are found where in the brainstem?

Answer 34

laterally

Question 35

Motor cranial nerve columns from medial to lateral are

Answer 35

Somatic Branchial Visceral

Question 36

Sensory cranial nerve columns from medial to lateral are

Answer 36

Visceral Somatic Special

Question 37

Somatic motor cranial nerves

Answer 37

III, IV, VI, XII

Question 38

Branchial motor cranial nerves

Answer 38

V, VII, IX, X, XI

Question 39

Visceral motor cranial nerves

Answer 39

III, VII, IX, X

Question 40

What comprises nucleus ambiguus?

Answer 40

motor nucleus of IX (stylopharyngeus) and X (levator palati)

Question 41

Nucleus ambiguus is found

Answer 41

In the branchial motor column at the medulla posterior to the inferior olive

Question 42

What comprises nucleus solitarius?

Answer 42

Rostral (gustatory): VII, IX, X afferents from taste buds Caudal (visceral sensory): X afferents from the heart and abdominal viscera, IX afferents from baro and chemoreceptors in the carotid body and sinus

Question 43

Where is nucleus solitarius found?

Answer 43

In the visceral afferent sensory column at the medulla

Question 44

Nucleus solitarius receives input from which cranial nerves?

Answer 44

visceral afferents VII, IX, X

Question 45

Nucleus ambiguus receives input from which cranial nerves?

Answer 45

motor IX, X

Question 46

Anterior cerebral artery supplies

Answer 46

medial frontal and parietal cortex (including M1 and S1)

Question 47

Anterior choroidal arteries supply

Answer 47

deep lateral structures like the optic tract, lateral ventricles, hippocampus

Question 48

Anterior communicating artery gives off branches to what?

Answer 48

anterior perforating branches to the optic chiasm and anterior hypothalamus

Question 49

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery supplies

Answer 49

Anterior inferior cerebellum

Question 50

Anterior spinal artery supplies

Answer 50

antero-medial medulla and ventromedial spinal cord with aortic branches (intercostal and lumbar arteries) and posterior spinal arteries via circumferential anastamoses;

Question 51

Radicular arteries

Answer 51

join aortic contributions (intercostal, lumbar) to anterior spinal artery via intervertebral foramen

Question 52

Basilar artery supplies

Answer 52

Pons

Question 53

Opthalmic artery is a branch of

Answer 53

Internal carotid

Question 54

Internal carotid gives rise to what branches?

Answer 54

Opthalmic, anterior choroidal, middle and anterior cerebral

Question 55

Lenticulostriate arteries are a branch of

Answer 55

Middle cerebral artery

Question 56

Lenticulostriate arteries supply

Answer 56

basal ganglia and internal capsule

Question 57

Middle cerebral artery supplies

Answer 57

most of the lateral cortex (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula) including M1 and S1 to all but the lower limb, parieto-occipital association areas and language areas

Question 58

Opthalmic artery supplies

Answer 58

eye including retina, top of nasal cavity, frontal scalp

Question 59

Posterior cerebral artery supplies

Answer 59

medial and inferior aspects of temporal and occipital lobes (including V1), most of midbrain; perforating branches to posterior hypothalamus and thalamus

Question 60

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery is a branch of

Answer 60

Vertebral artery

Question 61

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery supplies

Answer 61

posterior inferior cerebellum; postero/dorso-lateral medulla

Question 62

Posterior spinal arteries supply

Answer 62

spinal cord w/anterior spinal artery

Question 63

Superior cerebellar artery is a branch of

Answer 63

basilar artery

Question 64

Superior cerebellar artery supplies

Answer 64

superior cerebellum and colliculi

Question 65

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery is a branch of

Answer 65

basilar artery

Question 66

Vertebral artery is a branch of

Answer 66

subclavian

Question 67

Vertebral artery supplies

Answer 67

ventrolateral medulla (olives) and spinal cord