Neuroanatomy Flashcards
anatomical position
- standard reference point
- body erect
- feet on ground
- eyes and palms face forwards
- thumbs point away from the body
directional terms
1) cranial (head, rostral) vs caudal (tail)
2) posterior/dorsal (back) vs anterior/ventral (front
3) superior (head) vs inferior (feet)
4) proximal (nearer to center of body or attachment) vs distal (farther) = tubes or limbs only!
5) medial, lateral, intermediate
6) superficial vs deep
planes and sections
1) frontal/coronal: separates into anterior and posterior
2) transverse: separates into superior and inferior
3) sagittal: separates into L/R
articulations
- aka joints
- union between 2 or more bones
- classified by structure (how they are connected) and function (i.e. how much they move)
types of structural joints
1) fibrous
2) cartilaginous
3) synovial (majority)
types of functional joints
1) synarthroses: immoveable
2) amphiarthroses: slightly moveable
3) diarthroses: freely moveable (most)
some types of joints
1) fibrous synarthroses
2) fibrous amphiarthroses
3) cartilaginous synarthroses
4) cartilaginous amphiarthroses
5) synovial joints (all diarthroses)
fibrous synarthroses
- joined by dense irregular CT
- ex. sutures: connect skull bones
- ex. gomphosis: tooth to bony jaw
fibrous amphiarthroses
- joined by dense irregular CT
- ex. syndesmoses: articulation between forearm and leg bones
cartilaginous synarthroses
- joined by cartilage
- ex. synchondroses: epiphyseal plates in growing bone and 1st sternocostal joint
cartilaginous amphiarthroses
- joined by cartilage
- ex. symphysis: pubic symphysis and joints of vertebral bodies (intervertebral discs)
synovial joint general anatomy
1) articular capsule (aka joint capsule): two layers (fibrous for strength and synovial membrane), creates joint cavity
*distinguishing feature
2) synovial fluid: produced by membrane for lubrication, nourishment of articular cartilage, shock absorption
3) articular cartilage: covers articular surfaces where there is no synovial membrane (covering bone)
4) ligaments: connect bone to bone, reinforce articular capsule (provide stability and limit movement)
accessory structures of synovial joints
1) bursae: fibrous, saclike structures filled with synovial fluid to alleviate friction (ex. lots in knee)
2) fat pads: supportive material found around joint, often fill spaces that form during movement
2) tendons: muscle to bone connection, provides stability around joint
classification of synovial joints
- based on shape of articulating surfaces and movements permitted
1) pivot: uniaxial
2) hinge: uniaxial
3) saddle: biaxial
4) ball and socket: multiaxial
5) condyloid: biaxial
6) plane: uniaxial
types of movements at synovial joints
1) gliding: opposing surfaces glide back and forth
2) angular: flexion/extension in sagittal plane, abduction/adduction in frontal plane
3) rotation: medial/lateral rotation in transverse plane (R/L for vertebral column)
4) special movements
flexion vs extension
flexion = joint angle decreases, extension = increases
abduction vs adduction
abduction = away from midline, adduction = towards
lateral vs medial rotation
lateral = rotates away from midline, medial = towards midline
axial vs appendicular skeleton
- axial = skull, vertebral column and bony thorax (ribs and sternum)
- appendicular = pectoral and pelvic girdles, upper and lower limb bones
vertebral column
- fetus & infant: 33 separate bones
- 9 fuse to form two composite bones (sacrum and coccyx)
- complete ossification occurs between 25-30
- adult: 24 unfused irregular bones
division of vertebral column bones
1) cervical (1-7)
2) thoracic (1-12)
3) lumbar (1-5)
4) sacrum (5 fused)
5) coccyx (3-4 fused)
shape of vertebral column
- looks straight from anterior/posterior view
- curvature in lateral view (single curve in fetus –> multiple)
curvature of vertebral column
1) cervical: secondary curvature (develops after, not the same) develops with ability to hold head up
2) thoracic: primary
3) lumbar: secondary, develops with ability to stand upright
4) sacrum + coccyx: primary
kyphosis
exaggerated curvature in thoracic region