Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

ANA300 > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

1
Q

upper limb bone divisions

A

1) shoulder: pectoral girdle
2) arm: humerus
3) forearm: radius, ulna
4) hand: carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

upper limb bone count

A

32 in total

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

pectoral girdle components

A

clavicle and scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pectoral girdle function

A
  • connects upper limb to axial skeleton
  • attachment site for muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

sternoclavicular joint

A
  • clavicle + manubrium (sternum)
  • only articulation between upper limb and axial skeleton
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

clavicle function

A
  • strut: allows range of movement
  • protects upper limb
  • transmits shock from upper limb to axial skeleton
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

clavicle surfaces

A
  • smooth superior
  • rough inferior: for ligamentous connections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

clavicle structure

A

1) acromial end
2) shaft
3) sternal end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

scapula bone type

A

flat bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

scapula anterior vs posterior surface

A
  • posterior has spine and acromion
  • anterior has coracoid process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

scapula borders

A

1) superior
2) lateral
3) medial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

scapula angles

A

1) superior
2) inferior
3) lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

scapula fossae and cavities

A

anterior:
1) subscapular fossa
2) glenoid cavity
posterior:
3) supraspinous
4) infraspinous
5) suprascapular notch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

humerus bone type

A

long bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

humerus articulations

A
  • proximal glenohumeral joint: head (humerus) + glenoid cavity (scapula)
  • distal elbow joint: articulates with radius and ulna
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

humerus anterior and posterior structures

A

1) head: 1/3 sphere, glenoid cavity = shallow = mobile joint
2) greater tubercle (lateral side)
3) anatomical neck
4) surgical neck: only bone with two necks, common breaking point
5) deltoid tuberosity (lateral): roughened area for deltoid attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

humerus anterior only structures

A

1) intertubercular sulcus
2) lesser tubercle: more medial
3) radial fossa: head of radius during elbow flexion
4) coronoid fossa: coronoid process of ulna during elbow flexion
5) lateral epicondyle: forearm muscle attachment
6) medial epicondyle: funny bone (nerve) presses against this
7) capitulum (lateral)
8) trochlea (medial)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

humerus posterior only structures

A

1) radial groove: radial nerve + artery
2) olecranon fossa: olecranon process of ulna during elbow extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

radius and ulna bone types

A

long bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

radius and ulna articulations

A

1) antebrachial interosseous membrane (DICT): holds bones together, separates anterior from posterior
2) proximal radioulnar joint: with humerus
3) distal radioulnar joint: with carpal bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ulna features

A

1) olecranon: forms elbow in olecranon fossa
2) coronoid process
3) trochlear notch: grips humerus trochlea
4) radial notch: radial articulation
5) ulnar tuberosity: muscle attachment
6) head of ulna (distal end!): ball of wrist
7) ulnar styloid process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

radius features

A

1) head of radius: articulates with radial notch of ulna
2) neck of radius
3) radial tuberosity: muscle attachment
4) radial styloid process
5) carpal articular surface: articulates with carpals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

ulna and radius relative location

A

ulna medial to radius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

carpal bone types

A

short bones (cube shaped)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

carpal bone arrangement

A

proximal row (lateral to medial):
1) scaphoid: biggest, commonly broken
2) lunate
3) triquetrum
4) pisiform
distal row (lateral to medial):
5) trapezium: thumb bone
6) trapezoid
7) capitate
8) hamate: anterior side has hook of the hamate

SOME LOVERS TRY POSITIONS THAT THEY CAN’T HANDLE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

carpal bone that can’t be seen posteriorly

A

pisiform because lies on top of triquetrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

metacarpal and phalange bone types

A

long bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

metacarpal structure

A

each has base (attached to carpals), body and head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

metacarpal numbering

A

1-5 lateral to medial (thumb is one)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

phalange naming

A
  • proximal, middle and distal (except thumb does not have middle)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

thumb anatomical name

A

pollex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

upper limb joint classification

A
  • most are diarthrotic synovial joints
  • exceptions:
    1) scapulothoracic joint: scapula + thoracic wall = not a true joint (no bone-bone articulation, no joint capsule)
    2) antebrachial interosseous membrane: amphiarthrotic fibrous joint
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

synovial joint classification

A

1) plane = uniaxial
2) pivot = uniaxial
3) saddle = biaxial
4) hinge = uniaxial
5) condylar (condyloid) = biaxial
6) ball and socket = multiaxial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

synovial joint structure

A
  • double layered joint capsule: inner synovial, outer fibrous
  • creates joint cavity with synovial fluid
  • ligaments reinforce capsule (have unique names
  • articular cartilage along bones
  • some have bursae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

synovial fluid function

A
  • lubrication
  • nourishes articular cartilage
  • shock absorber
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

bursae function

A
  • fibrous saclike structures filled with synovial fluid
  • alleviate friction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

carpometacarpal joint (CMC) classification

A

digit 1 = saddle, others = plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) classification

A

condyloid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

proximal/distal interphalangeal joint (PIP) classification

A

hinge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

thumb movements

A

1) abduction: perpendicular away from pal
2) adduction
3) extension: parallel away from palm
4) flexion
5) opposition: connect thumb to other digits in front of palm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

CMC joint movement

A
  • for digits 2-5: flex/ex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

MCP joint movement

A
  • flex/ex
  • ab/adduction (middle finger considered midline)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

PIP joint movement

A
  • flex/ex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

sternoclavicular joint type

A
  • saddle synovial
  • acts as ball and socket
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

sternoclavicular joint movements

A
  • elevation/depression
  • anterior/posterior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

sternoclavicular joint features

A

1) articular disc: shock absorber from upper limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

sternoclavicular joint ligaments

A

1) anterior/posterior sternoclavicular ligaments: reinforce capsule
2) interclavicular ligament
3) costoclavicular ligament: underside of clavicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

acromioclavicular joint type

A

plane synovial, allows gliding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

acromioclavicular joint articulation

A

acromial end of clavicle + acromion of scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

acromioclavicular joint features

A
  • articular disc
  • muscle fibers of trapezius help support the joint
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

acromioclavicular joint ligaments

A

1) acromioclavicular ligament: intrinsic
2) coracoclavicular: extrinsic, attaches to underside of clavicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

intrinsic vs extrinsic ligament

A
  • intrinsic: part of joint, formed by thickening of joint capsule
  • extrinsic: not part of joint capsule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint) type

A

ball and socket

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

glenohumeral joint articulation

A

head of humerus (1/3) + glenoid cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

glenohumeral joint features

A

1) standard joint capsule
2) glenoid labrum: wraps around glenoid cavity, deepening it for more stability (more of head can fit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

glenohumeral joint movements

A

1) flex/ex in sagittal plane
2) abd/add in frontal plane
3) horizonal abd/add in transverse plane
4) medial/lateral rotation in transverse plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

glenohumeral joint supporting structures

A

1) inferior aspect of acromion and coracoid process support joint superiorly
2) rotator cuff muscles/tendons (absent inferiorly! common dislocation = moves inferior, pulled ant/post)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

glenohumeral joint ligaments

A

1) coracoacromial ligament: limits superior dislocation
2) intrinsic glenohumeral ligaments
3) coracohumeral ligament: inhibits excessive rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

glenohumeral joint bursae

A

1) subacromial
2) subdeltoid
3) tendinous sheath

*all located in areas of friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

glenohumeral joint muscle support

A

1) rotator cuffs on anterior/posterior
2) tendon of long head of biceps brachii: helps stabilize head of humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

shoulder separation

A
  • acromioclavicular joint separated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

shoulder dislocation

A
  • glenohumeral joint separated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

scapulothoracic joint type

A
  • not a true joint!
  • no bone-bone articulation, instead separated by muscle
  • no capsule/ligaments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

scapulothoracic joint function

A
  • enable free range of motion of the upper limb
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

scapulothoracic joint movements

A

1) elevation/depression
2) retraction (scapula closer together) / protraction (move away from vertebral column
3) upward rotation: glenoid cavity and inferior angle point up, contributes to abduction of UL
4) downward rotation: glenoid cavity and inferior angle down, contributes to adduction of UL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

scapulothoracic joint supporting muscles

A

1) subscapularis: between thoracic wall and scapula
2) serratus anterior: wraps around thorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

elbow joint type

A
  • compound: more than one articulation
  • hinge synovial
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

elbow joint articulations

A

1) humeroulnar: trochlea of humerus + trochlear notch of ulna
2) humeroradial articulation: capitulum of humerus and head of radius
3) proximal radio-ulnar joint: within articular capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

elbow joint movements

A

flex/ex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

elbow joint ligaments

A

1) anular ligament: stabilizes radial head within radial notch of ulna (goes one side of ulna to other)
2) radial collateral ligament: stabilizes lateral aspect
3) ulnar collateral ligament: medial aspect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

why is anular ligament important in elbow?

A
  • shallow groove
  • doesn’t completely ossify until older = needs more support
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

collateral ligaments

A

on sides of joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

elbow joint bursae

A

1) olecranon bursa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

radioulnar joints characteristics

A
  • connected by flat ligament: antebrachial interosseous membrane
  • articulation of radius and ulna
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

radioulnar joint type

A

pivot synovial: radius rotates around stationary ulna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

radioulnar joint movements

A

1) supination: palm up, radial tuberosity up
2) protonation: palm down, radial tuberosity down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

radiocarpal (wrist) joint type

A

condyloid synovial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

radiocarpal joint articulations

A
  • proximal row of carpals (except pisiform) + distal radius + articular disc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

radiocarpal joint ligaments

A

1) anterior/posterior
2) ulnar collateral: stretched during abduction
3) radial collateral: stretched during adduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

radiocarpal joint capsule contents

A

1) distal radioulnar joint
2) intercarpal joints

*ulna not included in wrist joint!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

radiocarpal joint movements

A

1) flex/ex
2) abd/add

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

how do skeletal muscles produce movement?

A

work together to pull on bones (cross joint that they move)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

agonist (prime mover)

A

muscle that provides major force for producing a movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

antagonist

A

muscle that opposes action of agonist, located on opposite side of joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

fixators

A

when agonists and antagonists contract simultaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

synergists

A

help agonist by adding extra force to the same movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

concentric contraction

A

muscles shorten under tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

origin vs insertion

A
  • origin: attachment point that often stays fixed during muscle contraction, usually proximal
  • insertion: moves closer to origin during contraction, usually distal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

muscles that move pectoral girdle location and function

A
  • anterior and posterior thorax
  • fix scapula to wall of thorax
  • move pectoral girdle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

pectoral girdle muscles

A

1) trapezius
2) levator scapulae
3) rhomboid major/minor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

trapezius origin

A

occipital bone, nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7-T12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

trapezius insertion

A

spine of scapula, lateral clavicle, acromion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

trapezius action

A

1) upper fibers: elevate scapula
2) middle fibers: retract scapula
3) lower fibers: depress scapula
4) upper and lower: upward rotation of scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

trapezius nerve

A

accessory nerve (CN XI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

levator scapulae and rhomboid locations

A

deep to trapezius, levator scapulae is superior and lateral to rhomboids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

levator scapulae and rhomboid origin

A

C1-T5 mnemonic: 4, 2, 2, 4

C1-C4 (transverse processes: levator scapulae
C5-6 skip
C7-T1 (spinous processes): rhomboid minor
T2-T5 (spinous processes): rhomboid major

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

levator scapulae and rhomboids insertion

A
  • medial border of scapula
  • levator scapulae above spine, rhomboids below
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

levator scapulae and rhomboid actions

A
  • levator scapulae: elevate and downward rotation of scapula
  • rhomboids: retract and downward rotation of scapula
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

levator scapulae and rhomboid nerve

A

dorsal scapular nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

anterior thoracic muscles

A

1) subclavius
2) pectoralis minor
3) serratus anterior (“boxer’s muscle”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

subclavius origin

A

side of manubrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

subclavius insertion

A

underside of clavicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

subclavius action

A

stabilize and depress clavicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

subclavius nerve

A

nerve to subclavius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

serratus anterior origin

A

ribs 1-8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

serratus anterior insertion

A

medial border of scapula (wraps around)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

serratus anterior action

A

protraction and upward rotation of scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

serratus anterior nerve

A

long thoracic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

pectoralis minor origin

A

ribs 3-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

pectoralis minor insertion

A

coracoid process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

pectoralis minor action

A

stabilize scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

pectoralis minor nerve

A

medial pectoral nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

winged scapula

A
  • impaired serratus anterior causes protrusion of scapula when arms raised
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

muscles that move the glenohumeral joint

A

anterior:
1) pectoralis major
posterior:
2) deltoid
3) teres major
4) latissimus dorsi
lateral:
5) rotator cuff muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

rotator cuff muscles

A

1) supraspinatus
2) infraspinatus
3) teres minor
4) subscapularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

pectoralis major structure

A

large, fan-shaped muscle with two “heads”: clavicular and sternocostal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

pectoralis major origin

A

medial clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages of ribs 1-6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

pectoralis major insertion

A

intertubercular sulcus of humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

pectoralis major actions

A
  • clavicular head: flex GH joint
  • sternocostal head: adduct and medial rotation of GH joint
  • lower fibers of sternocostal head: extends GH joint from flexed position
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

pectoralis major nerve

A

medial and lateral pectoral nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

deltoid origin

A

lateral clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

deltoid insertion

A

deltoid tuberosity of humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

deltoid actions

A
  • all fibers: abduct GH joint
  • anterior part: flex and medial rotation of GH joint
  • posterior part: opposite of anterior = extend and lateral rotation of GH joint
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

deltoid nerve

A

axillary nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

teres major origin

A

dorsal region of inferior scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

teres major insertion

A

intertubercular sulcus of humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

teres major action

A

adduct and medially rotate GH joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

teres major nerve

A

lower subscapular nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

latissimus dorsi origin

A

very broad along spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

latissimus dorsi insertion

A

intertubercular sulcus (humerus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

latissimus dorsi action

A

extend, adduct, medially rotate GH joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

latissimus dorsi nerve

A

thoracodorsal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

intertubercular sulcus muscles (insertions)

A

P.L.T (lateral to medial)

pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

teres major and latissimus dorsi relationship

A

teres major = synergist to latissimus dorsi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

rotator cuff muscle function

A
  • rotate humerus
  • stabilize GH joint
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

rotator cuff muscles

A

1) supraspinatus
2) infraspinatus
3) teres minor
4) subscapularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

subscapularis origin and insertion

A

origin = subscapular fossa
insertion = lesser tubercle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

subscapularis action

A

medial rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

subscapularis innervation

A

upper/lower subscapular nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

supraspinatus origin/insertion

A

supraspinous fossa, greater tubercle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

supraspinatus action

A

abduction (NO rotation!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q

supraspinatus innervation

A

suprascapular nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q

infraspinatus origin and insertion

A

infraspinous fossa, greater tubercle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

infraspinatus action

A

lateral rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
145
Q

infraspinatus nerve

A

suprascapular nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

teres minor origin and insertion

A

lateral border of scapula, greater tubercle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
147
Q

teres minor action

A

lateral rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q

teres minor nerve

A

axillary nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

rotator cuff anterior/posterior muscles

A

anterior: supraspinatus, subscapularis
posterior: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
150
Q

axilla location

A

pyramidal space inferior to GH joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
151
Q

axilla purpose

A

protective passageway for neurovascular structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
152
Q

axilla apex

A

clavicle, 1st rib, superior border of scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
153
Q

axilla lateral wall

A

intertubercular sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
154
Q

axilla medial wall

A

thoracic wall (some ribs), serratus anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
155
Q

axilla base

A

armpit skin + subcutaneous CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
156
Q

axilla anterior wall

A

pectoralis major, pectoralis minor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
157
Q

axilla posterior wall

A

scapula, subscapularis, teres major, latissimus dorsi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
158
Q

axillary contents

A

1) axillary sheath: nerves and BVs
2) fat: protects sheath
3) lymph nodes: in fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
159
Q

axillary artery

A
  • branches from subclavian artery
  • begins at lateral border of rib 1
  • continues posterior to pectoralis minor
  • ends at inferior border of teres major
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
160
Q

axillary artery parts

A

1) before pec. minor:
a) superior thoracic branch
2) under pec. minor:
a) thoraco-acromial
b) lateral thoracic
3) after pec. minor:
a) posterior circumflex
b) anterior circumflex
c) subscapular: posterior scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
161
Q

upper arm veins

A
  • deep veins accompany arteries (with same names)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
162
Q

posterior/anterior circumflex branch of axillary artery

A
  • around surgical neck
  • can anastomose with each other
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
163
Q

brachial plexus parts

A

1) 5 roots (C5-T1)
2) 3 trunks: superior, middle, inferior
3) 2 divisions: anterior/posterior
4) 3 cords: lateral, posterior, medial
5) 5 terminal branches

Really Thirsty Drink Cold Beer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
164
Q

terminal branches of brachial plexus

A

1) musculocutaneous
2) axillary (C5/6 only!)
3) median
4) radial
5) ulnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
165
Q

additional nerves of brachial plexus

A

1) C5: dorsal scapular
2) superior trunk: suprascapular
3) C5-7: long thoracic
4) lateral cord: lateral pectoral
5) medial cord: medial pectoral
6) posterior cord: upper/lower subscapular
7) posterior cord: thoracodorsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
166
Q

brachial plexus cord naming

A

named based on relationship to axillary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
167
Q

brachial plexus drawing

A

:)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
168
Q

where do brachial plexus roots emerge from?

A
  • between anterior and middle scalene muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
169
Q

axillary nerve location

A

around surgical neck of humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
170
Q

arm muscle division

A
  • divided into two compartments by septa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
171
Q

upper arm transverse section

A

1) skin
2) superficial fascia with superficial veins
3) brachial fascia
4) lateral and medial intermuscular septa
5) muscles
6) humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
172
Q

anterior compartment arm muscles

A

1) biceps brachii
2) coracobrachialis
3) brachialis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
173
Q

anterior compartment arm muscles nerve

A

musculocutaneous nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
174
Q

posterior compartment arm muscles

A

1) triceps brachii
2) anconeus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
175
Q

posterior compartment arm muscles nerve

A

radial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
176
Q

biceps brachii origin

A
  • long head: supraglenoid tubercle
  • short head: coracoid process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
177
Q

biceps brachii heads

A

lateral long head, medial short head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
178
Q

biceps brachii insertion

A
  • radial tuberosity and forearm fascia
  • via bicipital aponeurosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
179
Q

biceps brachii action

A
  • elbow flexion
  • radioulnar supination (when elbow flexed)
  • GH flexion (synergist)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
180
Q

coracobrachialis origin and insertion

A

coracoid process, middle 1/3 of humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
181
Q

coracobrachialis action

A

GH joint flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
182
Q

brachialis origin and insertion

A

distal anterior surface of humerus, ulnar tuberosity

183
Q

brachialis location

A

deep to biceps brachii

184
Q

brachialis action

A

elbow flexion

185
Q

musculocutaneous nerve location

A
  • pierces coracobrachialis
  • continues distally between biceps brachii and brachialis
186
Q

proximal biceps brachii rupture

A

tendon comes off radial tuberosity leading to the popeye sign

187
Q

triceps head orientation

A

long and lateral heads superior to medial

188
Q

triceps brachii origin

A
  • long: infraglenoid tubercle
  • lateral: posterior surface of humerus ABOVE radial groove
  • medial: posterior surface of humerus BELOW radial groove
189
Q

triceps brachii insertion

A

olecranon process

190
Q

triceps action

A
  • extension of elbow
  • long head = extension at GH joint
191
Q

anconeus action

A

synergist to triceps brachii elbow movement and stabilizer

192
Q

radial nerve location

A
  • in radial groove
  • pierces lateral intermuscular septum
  • continues distally in anterior compartment of arm
193
Q

upper arm blood supply

A

1) brachial artery branches from axillary, runs along anterior surface of arm
2) deep brachial artery branches from brachial, runs in radial groove going posterior
3) collateral branches: from brachial artery
4) recurrent arteries: form arterial anastomoses around elbow

3/4: collateral flow ensures blood flow in different joint positions

194
Q

cubital fossa borders

A

1) superior: imaginary line between lateral and medial epicondyles
2) lateral: medial border or brachioradialis
3) medial: lateral border of pronator teres

195
Q

cubital fossa contents

A

lateral to medial: biceps brachii tendon, brachial artery, median nerve

196
Q

forearm muscles function

A

move hand at wrist and/or joints of fingers

197
Q

forearm muscle transverse section

A

1) skin
2) superficial fascia with superficial veins
3) antebrachial fascia: creates anterior/posterior compartment
4) radius + ulna: connected by interosseous membrane

198
Q

anterior forearm muscle layers

A

1) superficial
2) intermediate
3) deep

199
Q

anterior forearm common origin

A

superficial and intermediate muscles share common flexor tendon at medial epicondyle

200
Q

anterior forearm nerve

A

mostly median, with some exceptions

201
Q

anterior forearm superficial layer muscles and actions

A

1) pronator teres: protonation
2) flexor carpi radialis: major wrist flexor, abduction
3) palmaris longus: weak wrist flexor
4) flexor carpi ulnaris: major wrist flexor, adduction

202
Q

flexor retinaculum

A
  • anchors tendons of FCR/FCU
  • palmaris longus tendon lies overtop
203
Q

what is unique about palmaris longus?

A
  • vestigial
  • not every wrist has one
204
Q

anterior forearm intermediate layer muscles and actions

A

1) flexor digitorum superficialis: flexes metacarpophalangeal joint and proximal interphalangeal joints of 2-5, some wrist flexion

205
Q

flexor digitorum superficialis tendons

A
  • spilt at MCP to leave room for flexor digitorum profundus tendon
206
Q

anterior forearm deep layer muscles and actions

A

1) flexor digitorum profundus: flex MCP/PIP/DIP of 2-5
2) pronator quadratus: protonation
3) flexor pollicis longus: flex MCP/IP of thumb

207
Q

anterior forearm innervation exceptions

A

ulnar nerve = flexor carpi ulnaris and medial (vs lateral) half of FDP

208
Q

median nerve location

A
  • descends between FDS and FDP
  • continues into hand to innervate thenar muscles
209
Q

ulnar nerve location

A
  • posterior to medial epicondyle
  • descends between FCU and FDP
  • continues into hand to innervate intrinsic hand msucles
210
Q

carpal tunnel location

A
  • between carpal bones (CT and synovial membrane) and flexor retinaculum
211
Q

carpal tunnel contents

A
  • long flexor tendons of FDS (4), FDP (4) and FPL (1)
  • median nerve
212
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome

A
  • compression of median nerve
  • ex. build up of synovial fluid due to inflammation
  • chronic = muscle atrophy
213
Q

posterior forearm muscle layers

A

1) superficial
2) deep

214
Q

posterior forearm common origin

A

many attach on common extensor tendon on lateral epicondyle

215
Q

posterior forearm common nerve

A

radial nerve and deep branch of radial nerve

216
Q

extensor retinaculum

A
  • covers tendons of posterior forearm muscles
217
Q

posterior forearm superficial layer muscles and actions

A

1) brachioradialis: elbow flexion
2) extensor carpi radialis longus: main wrist extension, abduction
3) extensor carpi radialis brevis: main wrist extension, abduction
4) extensor digitorum: digits extension (primarily MCP, secondarily IP of 2-5)
5) extensor digiti minimi: extends fifth digit
6) extensor carpi ulnaris: main wrist extension, adduction

218
Q

what is special about brachioradialis?

A
  • can be seen from both anterior and posterior
  • transition between compartments
219
Q

ECRlongus vs ECRbrevis?

A

longus starts above lateral epicondyle

220
Q

extensor digitorum tendons pass under…

A
  • pass under extensor retinaculum
221
Q

extensor digitorum origin and insertion

A

common extension origin, extensor expansions of medial 4 digits

222
Q

extensor digitorum intertendinous connections

A
  • variable in people
  • restrict independent extension of digits
223
Q

posterior forearm deep layer function

A
  • act on pollex and index finger
  • except supinator
224
Q

posterior forearm deep layer common nerve

A

deep branch of radial nerve

225
Q

posterior forearm deep layer muscles

A

1) abductor pollicis longus: I = lateral aspect of thumb
2) extensor pollicis brevis
3) extensor pollicis longus
4) extensor indicis
5) supinator: supinate proximal radioulnar joint (works with biceps brachii)

*only supinator attaches to lat. epicondyle

226
Q

radial nerve location entire arm

A
  • perforates lateral intermuscular septum of arm: runs with radial groove with deep brachial artery
  • enters cubital fossa between brachioradialis and brachialis
227
Q

radial nerve branches

A

1) deep branch: pierces supinator, continues along interosseous membrane
2) superficial branch: cutaneous nerves, descends deep to brachioradialis

228
Q

blood supply of entire arm

A

1) subclavian
2) axillary
a) brachial artery: anterior compartment, divides in cubital region into radial/ulnar
b) deep brachial artery: runs posterior
4) collateral branching/anastomoses
5) radial artery
6) ulnar artery: three branches
a) common interosseous divides into:
b) anterior interosseous
c) posterior interosseous
7) deep and superficial palmar arches in hand: anastomoses

229
Q

radial artery location forearm

A
  • descends deep to brachioradialis
  • winds around lateral wrist (goes posterior) in anatomical snuff box
230
Q

ulnar artery location

A
  • descends deep to pronator teres
231
Q

forearm veins

A

deep veins accompany arteries, have same names

232
Q

superficial veins location

A

run subcutaneously in superficial fascia

233
Q

superficial veins function

A

venous return, temperature regulation

234
Q

superficial veins in arm

A

1) axillary vein
2) cephalic vein: from back of hand to axillary
3) basilic vein: medial side, from palm to axillary
4) median cubital vein: joins 2/3, common site for cannulation

235
Q

cannulation

A

inserting a cannula, a small tube, into a vein, artery, or other body cavity to provide access for fluids, medications, or blood sampling

236
Q

anatomical snuff box borders

A

1) floor: scaphoid and trapezium
2) lateral: tendons of extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus
3) medial: tendon of extensor pollicis longus

237
Q

anatomical snuff box contents

A
  • branch of radial nerve
  • radial artery
  • cephalic vein
238
Q

lower limb bone functional division

A

1) pelvic girdle
2) bones of free lower limb

239
Q

lower limb bone articulations

A

primarily diarthroses and synovial joints

240
Q

lower limb bones structural division

A

1) thigh: hip to knee
2) leg: knee to ankle
3) foot: below ankle

241
Q

pelvic girdle

A
  • consists of left and right hip bones
242
Q

hip bone structure

A
  • three separate bones:
    1) ilium (most superior)
    2) ischium
    3) pubis/pubic bone (anterior to ischium)
  • acetabulum: where bones fuse together around mid 20s, before separated by hyaline cartilage
  • obturator foramen: formed by 2/3, covered with fascia and muscle
243
Q

acetabulum features

A

1) lunate surface: smooth, where head of femur articulates
2) acetabular fossa: bony depression filled with fat
3) acetabular notch

244
Q

ilium features

A

lateral surface:
1) iliac crest
2) ala
medial surface:
3) iliac fossa
4) arcuate line
for muscle attachment:
5) anterior superior iliac spine
6) anterior inferior iliac spine
7) posterior superior iliac spine
8) posterior inferior iliac spine
other:
9) greater sciatic notch: sciatic (largest nerve) passes through

245
Q

ischium features

A

1) ischial tuberosity: “big bump” that are “sit” bones, hamstrings attach here –> lateral view
2) ischial spine: muscle attachment
3) lesser sciatic notch
4) ischial ramus

246
Q

pubis features

A

1) pectineal line: medial view, continuous with arcuate line
2) superior pubic ramus
3) pubic tubercle: ligament attachment
4) body of pubis: between rami, forms pubic symphysis
5) inferior pubic ramus

247
Q

sacrospinous ligament

A
  • attaches from sacrum to ischial spine
  • creates foramina: greater/lesser sciatic foramen
248
Q

femur structures

A

1) head
2) neck
3) greater trochanter: lateral
4) lesser trochanter: medial
5) lateral/medial epicondyle
6) lateral/medial condyle
7) adductor tubercle

anterior only:
1) intertrochanteric line

posterior only:
1) intertrochanteric crest: more prominent than line
2) gluteal tuberosity
3) linea aspera
4) intercondylar fossa

249
Q

largest bone in the body?

250
Q

patella bone type

A

sesamoid: within tendons

251
Q

patella location

A

within quadriceps femoris tendon: convergence of quadriceps muscles

252
Q

patella in babies

A

not fully ossified

253
Q

patella function

A
  • protect knee joint
  • allow quadriceps femoris tendon to glide smoothly over joint: maximises movement
254
Q

patella structure

A
  • rough anterior: tendon attachment
  • smooth posterior: articular cartilage with femur
  • base
  • anterior apex
  • posterior facets
255
Q

why is tibia bigger than fibula?

A

tibia bears all the weight when standing

256
Q

fibula purpose?

A

muscle attachment and forms part of ankle joint

257
Q

tibia superior view

A

1) flat articular surfaces of condyles
2) intercondylar eminences
3) can see tibial tuberosity on anterior side

258
Q

tibia and fibula inferior view

A

1) lateral/medial malleolus
2) fibular notch
3) inferior articular surface

259
Q

tibia features

A

1) lateral tibial condyle
2) medial tibial condyle
3) tibial tuberosity: large, rough, for quadriceps femoris muscles
4) medial malleolus

260
Q

fibula features

A

1) head
2) neck
3) lateral malleolus

261
Q

tibia and fibula relative anatomy

A
  • tibia medial side
  • connected by interosseous membrane
262
Q

foot purpose

A
  • support body weight
  • act as lever to propel body forward in walking and running
263
Q

foot bone divisions

A

7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges

264
Q

foot tarsals

A

medial to lateral, proximal to distal
1) talus: on top of…
2) calcaneus: heel bone
3) navicular
4) cuboid
5) medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiform

265
Q

calcaneus features

A

1) calcaneal tuberosity: connects to calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
2) sustentaculum tali: holds up talus

266
Q

talus features

A

1) trochlea: articulates with mallei
2) head: articulates with navicular

267
Q

foot metatarsals

A

numbered big to small toe

268
Q

foot phalanges

A
  • only two for big toe
  • others have proximal, middle and distal
  • all long bones
269
Q

foot arches

A

1) medial and lateral longitudinal arches
2) transverse arch

270
Q

foot medial longitudinal arch

A

in most people
1) metatarsals 1-3
2) cuneiforms
3) navicular
4) talus
5) calcaneus

271
Q

foot lateral longitudinal arch

A

typically not as prominent as medial
1) calcaneus
2) cuboid
3) metatarsals 4-5

272
Q

foot transverse arch

A

1) bases of metatarsals 1-5
2) cuboid
3) cuneiforms
4) muscle tendons

273
Q

support of foot arches

A

1) shape of bones
2) ligaments: spring, long/short plantar ligaments
3) intrinsic foot muscles and muscle tendons
4) plantar aponeurosis

274
Q

pes planus

A
  • flat feet
  • medial longitudinal arch affected
  • causes: bone development, ligament/muscle injury, excess weight
275
Q

ankle (talocrural) joint type

A

hinge synovial: thin joint capsule reinforced by collateral ligaments

276
Q

ankle joint articulation

A
  • malleoli of tibia and fibula form mortise (deep socket): articulates with trochlea of talus
277
Q

ankle joint movements

A

1) dorsiflexion: flex foot
2) plantarflexion: point foot

278
Q

why is dorsiflexion more stable?

A
  • trochlea widest anteriorly
  • fits between trochlea and mortise tightest and with more articulation
279
Q

ankle joint ligaments

A

1) anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments: reinforce mortise
2) lateral ligament of ankle: three bands that stabilize ankle during inversion
a) anterior talofibular ligament
b) calcaneofibular ligament
c) posterior talofibular ligament
3) medial (deltoid) ligament: stabilizes ankle during eversion

280
Q

subtalar tarsal joint

A

plane synovial joint between talus and calcaneus

281
Q

transverse tarsal joint

A

plane synovial joint between talus and navicular

282
Q

subtalar and transverse tarsal joint movements

A

1) eversion: sole away from body
2) inversion: sole towards body

283
Q

sacroiliac joints type

A

compound joint:
1) synovial plane: auricular surfaces of ilium and sacrum
2) syndesmosis: connected by fibrous CT

284
Q

sacroiliac joint characteristics

A
  • connects axial skeleton and inferior appendicular skeleton
  • strong, weight-bearing
  • limited mobility
285
Q

sacroiliac joint intrinsic ligaments

A

1) anterior sacroiliac
2) posterior sacroiliac
3) interosseous sacroiliac (many)

286
Q

sacroiliac joint extrinsic ligaments

A

1) sacrospinous: sacrum to ischial spine
2) sacrotuberous: sacrum to ischial tuberosity

287
Q

sacroiliac joint extrinsic ligament function

A
  • prevent excess anterior rotation of pelvis
  • weight of body passes anterior to axis of rotation of sacroiliac joint
288
Q

hip joint type

A

ball and socket synovial

289
Q

hip joint articulation

A

head of femur + lunate surface of acetabulum

290
Q

hip joint supporting structures

A

1) fat pad
2) transverse acetabular ligament: spans acetabular notch, merges with…
3) acetabular labrum: around acetabulum, extend depth of articulation (2/3 sphere)
4) joint capsule
5) ligament of femoral head: not as important for stability, but makes path for BV

291
Q

hip joint movements

A

1) flex/ex
2) abd/ad
3) medial/lateral rotation

292
Q

hip joint intrinsic ligaments

A
  • all spiral anteriorly and become taut during extension

1) iliofemoral: ilium to femur (intertrochanteric line), strongest ligament in the body
2) pubofemoral: limits overabduction
3) ischiofemoral

293
Q

knee joint type

A

modified hinge synovial joint

294
Q

knee joint articulations

A

1) femorotibial: condyles of femur + tibia
2) femoropatellar: facets of patella + condyles of femur

295
Q

lateral and medial meniscii

A
  • between femorotibial articulations
  • stabilize, increase articulation and absorb shock
296
Q

knee joint actions

A

flex/ex and slight rotation (two axes)

297
Q

knee joint ligaments

A

1) fibular (lateral) collateral
2) tibial (medial) collateral
3) posterior cruciate ligament
4) anterior cruciate ligament
5) patellar ligament and tendon (quadriceps)

298
Q

fibular collateral ligament

A
  • stability during extension
  • separate from meniscus
299
Q

tibial collateral ligament

A
  • stability during extension
  • direct attachment to meniscus
300
Q

posterior cruciate ligament

A
  • from posterior tibia
  • prevents anterior sliding of femur on tibia, especially during flexion
301
Q

anterior cruciate ligament

A
  • from anterior tibia
    -prevents posterior sliding (hyperextension)
302
Q

testing for cruciate ligament tears

A

1) anterior drawer sign: pull anteriorly for ACL
2) posterior drawer sign: push posteriorly for PCL

303
Q

muscle groups that move hip joint

A

1) gluteal
2) lateral rotators
3) iliopsoas
4) adductors

304
Q

gluteal muscles

A

1) gluteus maximus, partially layered over…
2) gluteus medius: slightly lateral
3) gluteus minimis: deep to all, slightly lateral
4) tensor fasciae latae (TFL): lateral

305
Q

gluteus maximus origin and insertion

A

O: iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx
I: gluteal tuberosity and posterior iliotibial tract

306
Q

gluteus maximus nerve

A

inferior gluteal nerve

307
Q

gluteus maximus action

A

extension and lateral rotation of hip joint

308
Q

gluteus medius/minimis nerve

A

superior gluteal

309
Q

gluteus medius/minimis action

A

abduction, medial rotation of hip joint

310
Q

gluteus medius/minims origin and insertion

A

O: external ilium
I: greater trochanter

311
Q

tensor fasciae latae action

A
  • tense iliotibial tract (anterior)
  • assist with flexion, abduction and medial rotation of hip joint
312
Q

tensor fasciae nerve

A

superior gluteal

313
Q

muscles during single leg stance

A
  • abductors on opposite side of lifted leg contract
  • keeps pelvis level by counteracting force of gravity
314
Q

trendelenburg gait

A
  • compromised abductors
  • pelvis drops to contralateral side during single leg stance
315
Q

lateral rotator muscles

A

1) piriformis
2) superior gemellus
3) obturator internus
4) inferior gemellus
5) obturator externus
6) quadratus femoris

P-GO-GO-Q

316
Q

lateral rotators general origin and insertion

A

pelvis to greater trochanter

317
Q

lateral rotators action

A
  • lateral rotation of extended hip joint
  • abduct flexed hip joint
  • stabilize hip by pulling head of femur into acetabulum
318
Q

lateral rotators location

A
  • run horizontally posterior to hip joint
  • under gluteus maximus
  • inferior to gluteus medius and minimis
319
Q

lateral rotators nerve

A

branches from lumbosacral plexus

320
Q

lateral rotators along sciatic notches

A
  • greater: piriformis
  • lesser: obturator internus
321
Q

obturator internus vs externus

A
  • both cover obturator foramen
  • externus = external aspect, internus = internal
322
Q

sciatic nerve location

A

emerges below piriformis

323
Q

iliopsoas parts

A
  • composite muscle: psoas major and iliacus
  • merge beneath inguinal ligament
324
Q

psoas major origin

A

lumbar vertebrae

325
Q

iliacus origin

A

iliac fossa

326
Q

iliopsoas common insertion

A

lesser trochanter

327
Q

psoas major nerve

A

branches of lumbar plexus

328
Q

iliacus nerve

329
Q

iliopsoas action

A

hip flexors

330
Q

adductor muscles

A

1) pectineus: same plane as…
2) adductor longus
3) adductor brevis: deep to 1)
4) adductor magnus: adductor and hamstring, deep to 1-3
5) gracilis: also crosses posterior knee

331
Q

adductor muscles common origin

A

external pubis

332
Q

adductor muscles common insertion

A

linea aspera, except gracilis = anterior tibia

333
Q

adductor muscles common nerve

A

obturator nerve, except hamstring of adductor magnus by tibial division of sciatic nerve

334
Q

adductor muscles common action

A

hip adduction, except gracilis also does knee flexion

335
Q

adductor hiatus

A

gap in adductor magnus where BVs pass through

336
Q

parts of adductor magnus

A
  • anterior adductor part
  • posterior hamstring part, connected to sacrotuberous ligament
337
Q

lumbar plexus rami

A

anterior rami of L1-L4

338
Q

lumbar plexus location

A

formed within psoas major and innervates it

339
Q

lumbar plexus end nerves

A

abdominal wall:
1) iliohypogastric nerve: L1
2) ilioinguinal nerve: L1
lumbar region:
3) obturator nerve: L2-L4
4) femoral nerve: L2-L4

340
Q

obturator nerve location

A
  • enters medial compartment of thigh via obturator canal: gap of obturator foramen
  • accompanied by obturator vessels
341
Q

femoral nerve location

A
  • passes deep to inguinal ligament into anterior thigh
  • accompanied by femoral vessels
342
Q

sacral plexus rami

A
  • anterior rami of L4-S4
343
Q

sacral plexus nerves

A

1) lumbosacral trunk: L4-S5
sacral part:
2) superior gluteal nerve: L4-S1
3) inferior gluteal nerve: L5-S2
4) sciatic nerve: L4-S3

344
Q

superior gluteal nerve location

A
  • passes through greater sciatic foramen SUPERIOR to piriformis
  • accompanied by superior gluteal vessels
345
Q

inferior gluteal nerve location

A
  • passes through greater sciatic foramen INFERIOR to piriformis
  • accompanied by inferior gluteal vessels
346
Q

sciatic nerve location

A
  • passes through greater sciatic foramen INFERIOR to piriformis
  • goes to posterior thigh
  • consists of tibial and common fibular divisions
347
Q

thigh blood supply

A

1) aorta
2) common iliac arteries:
a) internal iliac artery: gives rise to superior/inferior gluteal arteries and obturator artery
b) external iliac artery: becomes 3) below inguinal ligament
3) femoral artery: becomes
4) deep femoral artery: chief artery, gives rise to medial and lateral femoral circumflex and perforating branches

*deep veins accompany arteries

348
Q

thigh cross section

A

1) skin
2) superficial fascia with veins
3) fascia lata
4) anterior, medial and posterior compartments
5) femur

349
Q

anterior thigh muscles

A

1) sartorius
2) quadriceps femoris:
a) rectus femoris
b) vastus lateralis
c) vastus medialis
d) vastus intermedius

350
Q

anterior thigh common action

A

knee extension (except sartorius)

351
Q

anterior thigh common nerve

352
Q

iliotibial tract formed by…

A

thickening of fascia lata + muscles (gluteus maximus)

353
Q

sartorius origin and insertion

A

anterior superior iliac spine, medial tibia

354
Q

sartorius actions

A

1) hip flexion, abduction and lateral rotation
2) knee flexion

355
Q

quadriceps muscle origins

A

1) rectus femoris: anterior inferior iliac spine
2) vastus lateralis: greater trochanter
3) medialis: femur
4) intermedius: femur

356
Q

quadriceps muscles common insertion

A
  • over patella –> patellar ligament –> tibial tuberosity
357
Q

quadriceps muscles arrangment

A
  • rectus femoris most superficial
  • intermedius deep to RF
  • lateralis = lateral, medialis = medial, goes a little more distal
358
Q

quadriceps muscles actions

A
  • all extend knee joint
  • rectus femoris can also flex hip
359
Q

which quadriceps muscles stabilize knee joint?

A

all, but especially inferior fibers of vastus medialis and lateralis

360
Q

femoral triangle location

A
  • subfascial space in anterosuperior 1/3 of thigh
361
Q

femoral triangle boundaries

A

1) floor (deep): iliopsoas and pectineus
2) roof (more superficial): fascia lata, subcutaneous tissue, skin
3) superior: inguinal ligament
4) medial: adductor longus
5) lateral: sartorius

362
Q

femoral triangle contents

A

NAVL lateral to medial:
Nerve
femoral Artery
femoral Vein
Lymphatics

363
Q

femoral canal

A
  • in femoral triangle
  • formed by femoral sheath
  • contain artery, vein and lymphatics
364
Q

groin injuries

A
  • strain, stretch or tear of proximal attachments of anteromedial thigh muscles
  • often occur in sports with quick starts, ex. sprints
365
Q

posterior thigh muscles (hamstring muscles)

A

1) biceps femoris
2) semimembranosus
3) semitendinosus

366
Q

posterior thigh common origin

A

ischial tuberosity, except short head of biceps femoris = linea aspera

367
Q

posterior thigh common action

A

1) hip extension (except short head)
2) knee flexion

368
Q

posterior thigh common nerve

A

tibial division of sciatic, except short head = common fibular division

369
Q

biceps femoris insertion

370
Q

semimembranosus characteristics

A

deep to semitendinosus, ligament broadens distally

371
Q

biceps femoris heads

A

medial long, lateral short (under iliotibial tract)

372
Q

semimembranosus insertion

A

medial condyle of tibia

373
Q

semitendinosus characteristics

A
  • ends in long, thin tendon
  • more superficial than semimembranosus
374
Q

semitendinosus insertion

A

medial tibia

375
Q

pes anserinus components

A

conjoined tendon of:
1) sartorius
2) gracillis
3) semitendinous

376
Q

pes anserinus location

A

anteromedial side of proximal tibia

377
Q

pes anserinus function

A

reinforce medial aspect of knee joint

378
Q

femoral artery location

A
  • passes through femoral triangle and adductor canal
  • supplies anterior thigh compartment
379
Q

deep femoral artery location

A
  • passes deep between pectineus and adductor longus
  • supplies posterior thigh compartment
380
Q

adductor hiatus close arteries

A
  • femoral artery passes posterior here to become popliteal artery
  • part of abductor magnus
381
Q

popliteal artery location

A
  • ends at inferior border of popliteus
  • branches around knee
382
Q

popliteal fossa location

A
  • fat-filled, diamond shaped space posterior to knee joint
383
Q

popliteal fossa boundaries

A

1) roof (superficial: skin, popliteal fascia
2) floor: femur, knee joint capsule, fascia of popliteus
3) medial: semimembranosus superior to medial head of gastrocnemius
4) lateral: biceps femoris, lateral head of gastrocnemius

384
Q

leg transverse section

A

1) skin
2) superficial fascia with veins
3) crural fascia: forms anterior, posterior and transverse intermuscular septae
4) 3 compartments
a) anterior: interosseus membrane and anterior septum
b) medial: anterior/posterior septa
c) posterior: interosseus membrane and posterior septum, transverse separates deep from superficial)

385
Q

leg retinaculae

A
  • thickening of fascia at distal leg
  • hold muscle tendons in place as they cross ankle joint
  • ex. inferior extensor retinaculum
386
Q

common action of leg tendons

A

tendons passing:
1) posterior to ankle = plantarflexion
2) anterior to ankle = dorsiflexion
3) dorsal toes: extension
4) plantar toes: flexion

tendons attaching to:
1) medial foot: inversion
2) lateral foot: eversion

387
Q

anterior leg muscles

A

1) tibialis anterior
2) extensor digitorum longus
3) extensor hallucis longus
4) fibularis tertius

1-3 superficial to deep

388
Q

tibialis anterior origin and insertion

A

lateral condyle of tibia, medial side of foot (medial cuneiform + metatarsal 1 base)

389
Q

tibialis anterior actions

A

inversion + dorsiflexion of foot

390
Q

extensor digitorum longus origin/insertion

A

lateral condyle of tibia, dorsal aspect of digits 2-5

391
Q

extensor digitorum longus action

A

dorsiflexion, extension of toes 2-5

392
Q

extensor hallucis longus origin and insertion

A

medial fibula to dorsal digit 1

393
Q

big toe anatomical name

394
Q

extensor hallucis longus action

A

hallux extension, dorsiflexion

395
Q

fibularis tertius origin and insertion

A

inferior/anterior fibula, dorsal digit 5

396
Q

fibularis tertius action

A

dorsiflexion, eversion of foot

397
Q

anterior leg muscles common nerve

A

deep fibular

398
Q

lateral leg muscles

A

1) fibularis longus
2) fibularis brevis (deep)

399
Q

fibularis longus origin and insertion

A

head of fibula, plantar surface of foot (crosses from lateral to medial side)

400
Q

fibularis brevis origin and insertion

A

lateral fibula, base of 5th metatarsal

401
Q

fibularis longus/brevis action

A

eversion, plantarflexion of foot

402
Q

fibularis longus/brevis nerve

A

superficial fibular

403
Q

foot drop

A
  • foot drags instead of anterior part lifting
  • compromised deep fibular nerve
404
Q

posterior leg compartments

A

1) superficial
2) deep

405
Q

superficial posterior leg muscles

A

1) gastrocnemius
2) soleus
3) plantaris

superficial to deep: 1, 3, 2

406
Q

gastrocnemius origin

A

medial and lateral femoral condyles (2 heads)

407
Q

soleus origin

A

posterior, proximal tibia and fibular head

408
Q

plantaris origin

A

above lateral femoral condyle

409
Q

superficial posterior leg muscles common insertion

A

calcaneus via calcaneal tendon (Achilles)

410
Q

superficial posterior leg muscles common action

A

plantar flexion

411
Q

superficial posterior leg muscles additional actions

A

gastrocnemius flexes knee, plantaris weakly assists

412
Q

superficial posterior leg muscles common nerve

A

tibial nerve

413
Q

flexor retinaculum of foot

A
  • supports tendons of deep posterior leg muscles
  • medial malleolus to calcaneus
  • reinforced by transverse intermuscular septum
414
Q

posterior leg deep compartment

A

1) flexor digitorum longus
2) flexor hallucis longus
3) tibialis posterior
4) popliteus

415
Q

deep posterior leg muscles tendons organization

A

superior/medial
1) tibialis posterior
2) flexor digitorum longus
3) flexor hallucis longus
inferior/lateral

Tom, Dick, Harry

416
Q

flexor digitorum longus origin/insertion

A

posterior tibia, bases of distal phalanges 2-5

417
Q

flexor digitorum longus action

A

flexes digits 2-5

418
Q

flexor hallucis longus origin/insertion

A

inferior/posterior fibula, base of distal phalanx 1

419
Q

flexor hallucis longus action

A

flexes hallux

420
Q

tibialis posterior origin/insertion

A

origin = interosseous membrane, posterior tibia and fibula
insertion = navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid, calcaneus (sustentaculum tali), bases of metatarsals 2-4

421
Q

tibialis posterior action

A

inversion, plantarflexion, support medial longitudinal arch

422
Q

popliteus characteristics

A

triangle-shaped, forms floor of popliteal fossa

423
Q

popliteus origin and insertion

A

origin = lateral condyle of femur, lateral meniscus
insertion = posterior proximal tibia

424
Q

popliteus action

A

unlocks knee by rotating femur slightly to enable knee flexion

425
Q

posterior deep leg muscles common action

A

plantarflexion, except popliteus

426
Q

posterior deep leg muscles common nerve

427
Q

lower leg innervation

A

1) sciatic nerve branches into:
2a) common fibular nerve: branches into
3a) superficial fibular nerve: lateral compartment
3b) deep fibular nerve: anterior compartment
2b) tibial nerve: posterior compartment with tibialis posterior, branches into
3c) medial and lateral plantar nerves

428
Q

leg arteries

A

1) (superficial) femoral artery
2) popliteal artery branches into
3a) anterior tibial artery: anterior compartment, also supplies lateral
4a) dorsalis pedis artery after extensor retinaculum
3b) posterior tibial artery: posterior compartment, also lateral, branches:
4b) fibular artery: posterior leg, near posterior septum
4c) medial and lateral plantar arteries after flexor retinaculum

429
Q

leg deep veins

A

accompany arteries with same name

430
Q

leg superficial veins

A

1) femoral vein
medial side:
2) dorsal venous arch empties into…
3) great saphenous vein, empties into 1)
posterior side:
4) small saphenous vein empties into popliteal vein

431
Q

intrinsic back muscles location

A
  • deepest muscles
  • enclosed in deep fascia
432
Q

intrinsic back muscles general purpose

A

movement and maintain posture of vertebral column

433
Q

intrinsic back muscles common origin

A
  • tendinous connection from posterior iliac crest, sacrum and spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae
  • insert above
434
Q

intrinsic back muscles common nerve

A

posterior rami of spinal nerves

435
Q

nuchal ligament

A

from external occipital protuberance to C7 (spinous processes)

436
Q

supraspinous ligament

A

thoracic vertebrae and below until median sacral crest

437
Q

intrinsic back muscles layers

A

1) superficial: splenius
2) intermediate: 3x erector spinae
3) deep: transversospinalis muscle group

438
Q

intrinsic back muscles bilateral contraction

A

extension of head and vertebral column

439
Q

intrinsic back muscles division

A

divided into parts: capitis, cervicis, thoracis, lumborum

440
Q

splenius parts

A

1) capitis
2) cervicis

441
Q

splenius location

A
  • deep to trapezius
  • fibers run superolaterally to cervical vertebrae and cranium (V shape)
442
Q

splenius origin

A

nucheal ligament

443
Q

splenius unilateral contraction

A

ipsilateral head rotation and neck lateral flexion

444
Q

erector spinae location

A
  • column of muscles from sacrum to skull
  • between spinous processes and angle of ribs
445
Q

erector spinae origin

A
  • tendinous connection from posterior iliac crest, sacrum and spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae
446
Q

erector spinae muscles

A

lateral (longer)
1) iliocostalis
2) longissimus
3) spinalis
medial (shorter)

I Like Standing

447
Q

erector spinae unilateral contraction

A

ipsilateral:
1) lateral flexion of VC
2) head rotation
3) spine rotation

448
Q

iliocostalis insertion

A

transverse processes of cervical vertebrae

449
Q

longissimus insertion

A
  • ribs
  • transverse processes of thoracic/cervical vertebrae
  • temporal bone mastoid process
450
Q

spinalis insertion

A

spinous processes of upper thoracic vertebrae + skull

451
Q

transversospinalis group location

A

deep to erector spinae, fibers run superomedially (A shape)

452
Q

transversospinalis muscle groups

A

1) semispinalis: capitis, cervitis, lumborum
2) short muscles that extend from 1 vertebrae to the next

453
Q

transversospinalis group unilateral contraction

A

contralateral head and VC rotation

ANA300 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions