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Health Sciences > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

The study of the structure of the human body.

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2
Q

What does gross anatomy focus on?

A

Structures visible to the naked eye.

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3
Q

Define histology

A

The study of tissues and organs at a microscopic level.

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3
Q

Name the four lobes of the cerebrum

A
  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
  • Temporal lobe
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4
Q

What is the main function of the frontal lobe?

A

Responsible for executive functions, motor control, and decision-making.

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5
Q

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Which lobe processes sensory information?

A

The parietal lobe.

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6
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Coordination of movement, balance, and posture

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6
Q

What functions are associated with the temporal lobe?

A

Hearing, language comprehension, and memory.

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6
Q

Which lobe is responsible for vision?

A

The occipital lobe.

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7
Q

What does the brainstem regulate?

A

Breathing, heart rate, certain reflexes, and alertness.

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8
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

To receive input from the external environment or other neurons.

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8
Q

Define neuron.

A

A nerve cell that includes a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.

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9
Q

What is grey matter composed of?

A

Neuron cell bodies.

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10
Q

What is white matter composed of?

A

Myelinated axons.

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11
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs.

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12
Q

What is the function of Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory)?

A

Smell (sensory only).

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13
Q

What is the meninges?

A

Three layers that protect the brain and spinal cord (dura, arachnoid, and pia mater

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14
Q

What is the purpose of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

Provides protection, nutrition, waste removal, and maintains homeostasis for the CNS.

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15
Q

What is the ventricular system?

A

A network in the brain where CSF is secreted and flows to support the CNS.

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16
Q

What is Cranial Nerve II, and what does it do?

A

Optic Nerve (CN II), responsible for vision (sensory).

17
Q

What is the primary function of Cranial Nerve III?

A

Oculomotor Nerve (CN III), controls most eye movements, eyelid elevation, and pupil constriction (motor).

18
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for moving the eye downward and laterally?

A

Trochlear Nerve (CN IV), which innervates the superior oblique muscle (motor).

19
Q

Describe the functions of Cranial Nerve V.

A

Trigeminal Nerve (CN V), responsible for facial sensation (sensory) and controlling the muscles of mastication (motor).

mastication means chewing food

20
Q

What is the role of Cranial Nerve VI?

A

Abducens Nerve (CN VI), controls lateral eye movement by innervating the lateral rectus muscle (motor).

21
Q

Which cranial nerve controls facial expressions?

A

Facial Nerve (CN VII), also involved in taste for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, and salivary and tear glands (mixed).

22
Q

What is Cranial Nerve VIII, and what are its two primary functions?

A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII), responsible for hearing (cochlear) and balance (vestibular) (sensory).

23
Q

Which cranial nerve is involved in taste, swallowing, and salivati

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX), which also provides sensation from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and monitors blood pressure in the carotid artery (mixed).

24
Q

Describe the functions of Cranial Nerve X.

A

Vagus Nerve (CN X), regulates heart rate, gastrointestinal peristalsis, sweating, and muscle movements in the voice box, pharynx, and larynx (mixed).

25
Q

Which nerve is responsible for shoulder and neck movement?

A

Accessory Nerve (CN XI), specifically controlling the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles (motor).

26
Q

What is the function of Cranial Nerve XII?

A

Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII), controls tongue movements important for speech, food manipulation, and swallowing (motor).

27
Q

Which cranial nerves have only sensory functions?

A

Olfactory (I), Optic (II), and Vestibulocochlear (VIII).

28
Q

Which cranial nerves have only motor functions?

A

Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Abducens (VI), Accessory (XI), and Hypoglossal (XII).

29
Q

Name the cranial nerves with mixed (both sensory and motor) functions.

A

Trigeminal (V), Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), and Vagus (X).

30
Q

What are the two main parts of the skull?

A

Neurocranium (protects the brain) and Viscerocranium (bones of the face).

31
Q

What is the function of the neurocranium?

A

It surrounds and protects the brain, consisting of eight bones that form the cranial cavity.

32
Q

Which bones make up the neurocranium?

A

Frontal, parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.

33
Q

What is the role of the viscerocranium?

A

It forms the facial structure and supports the openings for the respiratory and digestive systems.

34
Q

Which bones are part of the viscerocranium?

A

Nasal, maxilla, zygomatic, palatine, lacrimal, vomer, inferior nasal concha, and mandible.

35
Q

What is the foramen magnum and where is it located?

A

A large opening at the base of the occipital bone, allowing the spinal cord to connect to the brain.

36
Q

Describe the temporal bone and its significance.

A

Located on the sides of the skull, housing the structures of the inner and middle ear, and articulating with the mandible at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

37
Q

What is the sphenoid bone known for?

A

It is a key structural bone located at the base of the skull, connecting with many other skull bones and housing the pituitary gland in the sella turcica.

38
Q

What are sutures in the skull?

A

Immovable joints that connect skull bones; main sutures include the coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, and squamous sutures.

39
Q

What is the function of the ethmoid bone?

A

Located between the eyes, it forms part of the nasal cavity and the orbits, with the cribriform plate allowing passage of olfactory nerves.

40
Q

What is the mandible?

A

The lower jawbone, the only movable bone of the skull, responsible for chewing and forming part of the structure of the mouth.

41
Q

Which bone forms the forehead and upper part of the eye sockets?

A

The frontal bone.

42
Q

What role does the parietal bone play in the skull?

A

Located on the sides and top of the skull, it forms the roof and sides of the cranial cavity.

43
Q

Where is the occipital bone located, and what is its function?

A

Located at the back and base of the skull, it contains the foramen magnum and articulates with the cervical spine.

44
Q

What are Glia?

A

Non-neuronal cells that support the nervous system

Health Sciences (5 decks)

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