L23, 24 Sympathetic and Parasympathetic pharmacology Flashcards
What are the two types of neurons found in the autonomic nervous system?
Cholinergic neurons and adrenergic neurons.
Where do sympathetic neurons originate in the spinal cord?
Sympathetic neurons arise from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
What are the two types of neurons found in the autonomic nervous system?
Cholinergic neurons and adrenergic neurons.
Where do sympathetic neurons arise from in the spinal cord?
Sympathetic neurons arise from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the fight-or-flight response.
What type of receptors are found on postganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
Both systems have nicotinic receptors on their postganglionic neurons.
What are the primary functions of the parasympathetic nervous system?
The parasympathetic nervous system promotes functions such as pupil constriction, salivation, airway constriction, slowing of the heartbeat, digestion stimulation, glucose uptake, intestinal activity, urinary bladder contraction, and erection.
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect digestion?
The sympathetic nervous system inhibits digestion.
What type of receptors are found on postganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
Both systems have nicotinic receptors on their postganglionic neurons.
What type of receptors do parasympathetic neurons stimulate in the eye to cause pupil constriction?
Muscarinic receptors
What is the effect of sympathetic adrenergic neurons on the pupils?
Pupil dilation
What are the two types of neurons that innervate organs in the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons.
How does the autonomic nervous system respond to different situations?
It dynamically shifts between sympathetic and parasympathetic dominance.
How many cranial and spinal nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system?
There are 12 cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems differ in terms of their origin in the body?
The sympathetic nervous system originates from certain parts of the spinal cord, while the parasympathetic nervous system originates from the brain stem.
What neurotransmitter is released by cholinergic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system?
Acetylcholine
Which type of fibers are responsible for releasing dopamine to stimulate the renal vessels in the sympathetic nervous system?
Dopaminergic fibers
What neurotransmitters are released by the adrenal medulla during sympathetic activation?
Adrenaline and Noradrenaline
What role does acetylcholine play in the sympathetic nervous system response?
It stimulates the adrenal glands directly without going through ganglia.
What physiological changes occur in the body during a stress response mediated by the sympathetic nervous system?
Increased heart rate, bronchodilation, decreased saliva production, and increased blood sugar levels.
How does the parasympathetic nervous system counteract the effects of the sympathetic nervous system?
It promotes relaxation, digestion, and recovery by reversing the stress-induced changes.
What is the role of beta agonist drugs in the context of the sympathetic nervous system?
They mimic sympathetic activation, causing effects like bronchodilation and increased heart rate.
What is the primary neurotransmitter released by the parasympathetic nervous system?
Acetylcholine
What are the effects of parasympathetic stimulation on heart rate and gastrointestinal activity?
Heart rate decreases and gastrointestinal activity increases.