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Phase 1 > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Which bones make up the anterior cranial fossa?

A

frontal bone
ethmoid bone
lesser wing of sphenoid bone

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2
Q

Where does the ACF lie over?

A

superiorly over the nasal and orbital cavities

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3
Q

What does the ACF accommodate?

A

anteroinferior portions of the frontal lobes of the brain

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4
Q

Where is the crista galli (latin for cock’s comb)?

A

Midline of the ethmoid bone

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5
Q

Where is the cribriform plate?

A

Either side of the crista galli

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6
Q

What is the cribriform plate and what does it contain?

A

a sheet of bone seen either side of the crista galli which contains numerous small foramina
these transmit olfactory nerve fibres (CN I) into the nasal cavity
Also contains anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramen

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7
Q

What does the anterior ethmoidal foramen transmit?

A

transmits the anterior ethmoidal artery, nerve and vein

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8
Q

What does the posterior ethmoidal foramen do?

A

transmits the posterior ethmoidal artery, nerve and vein

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9
Q

The cribriform is the thinnest part of the ACF and is most likely to fracture. What are the 2 clinical consequences of this?

A

Anosmia
CSF rhinorrhoea

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10
Q

What forms the body of the middle cranial fossa?

A

the body and greater wing of the sphenoid
squamous and petrous parts of the temporal bone

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11
Q

What forms the central part of the middle cranial fossa?

A

the body of the sphenoid bone

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12
Q

What does the central part of the MCF contain and what is its role?

A

sella turcica
holds the pituitary gland

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13
Q

What are the 3 parts of the sella turcica?

A
  • tuberculum sellae
  • pituitary fossa
  • dorsum sellae
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14
Q

What is the sella turcica surrounded by?

A

the anterior and posterior clinoid processes

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15
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli and what is attached to?

A

a membranous sheet that divides the brain.
attached at clinoid processes
separates occipital and temporal cerebral hemisphere from the cerebellum and infratentorial brainstem

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16
Q

Where are optic canals (foramina) and what do they transmit?

A

situated anteriorly in the middle cranial fossa
transmit the optic nerves (CN II) and ophthalmic arteries into the orbital cavities

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17
Q

What 4 foramina are lateral to the central part of the middle cranial fossa?

A

superior orbital fissure
foramen rotundum
foramen ovale
foramen spinosum

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18
Q

Where does the superior orbital fissure open and what does it transmit?

A

opens anteriorly into the orbit
transmits the oculomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CN IV), ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V1), abducens nerve (CN VI), opthalmic veins and sympathetic fibres

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19
Q

Where does the foramen rotundum open and what does it transmit?

A

opens into the pterygopalatine fossa
transmits the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2)

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20
Q

Where does the foramen ovale open and what does it transmit?

A

opens into the infratemporal fossa
transmits the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3) and accessory meningeal artery

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21
Q

Where does the foramen spinosum open into and what does it transmit?

A

opens into the infratemporal fossa
transmits the middle meningeal artery, middle meningeal vein and a meningeal branch of CN V3

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22
Q

What does the carotid canal transmit and where is it?

A

located posteriorly and medially to the foramen ovale
Internal carotid artery
Deep petrosal nerve

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23
Q

What junction does the foramen lacerum mark and what is it filled with in life?

A

sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones
filled with cartilage, only pierced by small blood vessels

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24
Q

What bones make up the posterior cranial fossa?

A

the occipital bone and the two temporal bones

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25
Q

What does the posterior cranial fossa accommodate?

A

accommodates the brainstem and cerebellum

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26
Q

What is the internal acoustic meatus and where is it? (what does it transmit)

A

oval opening in the posterior aspect of petrous part of temporal bone
Transmits facial nerve (CN VII), vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) and labyrinthine artery

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27
Q

What does the foramen magnum transmit and where is it?

A

lies centrally in the floor of the posterior cranial fossa
the largest foramen in the skull
transmits the medulla of the brain, meninges, vertebral arteries, spinal accessory nerve

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28
Q

What does the jugular foramina transmit and where are they?

A

situated either side of the foramen magnum
Each transmits the
- glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, spinal accessory nerve (descending)
- internal jugular vein
- inferior petrosal sinus, sigmoid sinus
- meningeal branches of the ascending pharyngeal and occipital arteries

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29
Q

Where is the hypoglossal canal and what does it transmit?

A

Immediately superior to the anterolateral margin of the foramen magnum
It transmits the hypoglossal nerve through the occipital bone

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30
Q

What divides the cerebellar fossae?

A

divided medially by a ridge of bone, the internal occipital crest

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31
Q

What is responsible for superior eyelid movement?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

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32
Q

Where does the levator palpebrae superioris attach?

A

Originates from the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone, immediately above the optic foramen
It attaches to the superior tarsal plate of the upper eyelid

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33
Q

What is the innervation of the LPS?

A

innervated by the oculomotor nerve (CN III)

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34
Q

What are the 4 recti muscles of eye?

A

superior rectus
inferior rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus

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35
Q

Where do the 4 recti eye muscles originate from?

A

common tendinous ring at back of orbit

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36
Q

What is superior rectus’ innervation and role in the eye?

A

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Upward movement

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37
Q

What is inferior rectus’ innervation and role in the eye?

A

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Downward movement

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38
Q

What is medial rectus’ innervation and role in the eye?

A

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Adduction

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39
Q

What is lateral rectus’ innervation and role in the eye?

A

Abducens nerve (CN VI)
Abducts the eye

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40
Q

Where does the superior oblique originate from and attach to?

A

Originates from the body of the sphenoid bone at posterior orbit
Its tendon passes through a trochlear and then attaches to the sclera of the eye, posterior to the superior rectus

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41
Q

Where does the inferior oblique originate from and attach to?

A

Originates from the anterior aspect of the orbital floor
Attaches to the sclera of the eye, posterior to the lateral rectus

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42
Q

What is the role of the superior oblique in the eye and its innervation?

A

Depresses, abducts and medially rotates the eyeball
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)

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43
Q

What is the role of the inferior oblique in the eye and its innervation?

A

Elevates, abducts and laterally rotates the eyeball
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

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44
Q

What can the outer ear be divided into?

A

External acoustic meatus
Pinna (auricle)

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44
Q

What can the outer ear be divided into?

A

External acoustic meatus
Pinna (auricle)

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45
Q

What is the function of the pinna?

A

capture and direct sound waves towards the external acoustic meatus

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46
Q

What is the tympanic membrane?

A

a connective tissue structure
attached to malleus
articulates to incus

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47
Q

Where is the middle ear?

A

within the temporal bone
extends from the tympanic membrane to the lateral wall of the inner ear

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48
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear via the auditory ossicles

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49
Q

What are the 3 auditory ossicles (bones)?

A

the malleus (largest, most lateral), incus and stapes (smallest)

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50
Q

What do the ossicles link and why?

A

linking the tympanic membrane to the oval window of the internal ear
transmit sound vibrations

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51
Q

What does the stapedius muscle attach to and what is its innervation?

A

attaches to the stapes, and is innervated by the facial nerve.

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52
Q

What is tensor tympani attached to and what is it innervated by?

A

attaches to the handle of malleus, pulling it medially when contracting
innervated by the tensor tympani nerve, a branch of the mandibular nerve

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53
Q

What is the function of the inner ear?

A
  • To convert mechanical signals from the middle ear into electrical signals, which can transfer info to the auditory pathway in the brain
  • To maintain balance by detecting position and motion
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54
Q

Where is the inner ear?

A

located within the petrous part of the temporal bone
It lies between the middle ear and the internal acoustic meatus

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55
Q

Which 3 bones make up the bony labyrinth of the inner ear and which fluid is inside them?

A

composed of the cochlea, vestibule and three semi-circular canals
perilymph fluid

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56
Q

What is the innervation of the inner ear and how does the nerve divide?

A

vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
enters the inner ear via the internal acoustic meatus, where it divides into the vestibular nerve (responsible for balance) and the cochlear nerve (responsible for hearing)

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57
Q

Which nerve passes through inner ear but doesn’t innervate it?

A

Facial CN VII

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58
Q

Where is white and grey matter?

A

White matter in deeper parts of brain
Grey matter on cerebral cortex surface

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59
Q

What are sulci and gyri?

A

sulci (grooves or depressions)
gyri (ridges or elevations)

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60
Q

What divides the two hemispheres?

A

the longitudinal fissure

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61
Q

Where and what is the falx cerebri?

A

an arched crescent of dura lying in longitudinal fissure

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62
Q

What does the central sulcus separate?

A

frontal and parietal lobes

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63
Q

What does the lateral sulcus separate?

A

frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

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64
Q

Where is the precentral gyrus and what is it for?

A

directly anterior to central sulcus
location of primary motor cortex

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65
Q

Where is the postcentral gyrus and what is located there?

A

directly posterior to central sulcus
location of primary somatosensory cortex

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66
Q

Where is the superior temporal gyrus and what is it responsible for?

A

ridge located inferior to lateral sulcus
responsible for the reception and processing of sound

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67
Q

What are the functions of the meninges?

A

Provide a supportive framework for the cerebral and cranial vasculature
Acting with cerebrospinal fluid to protect the CNS from mechanical damage

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68
Q

Where is the dura mater?

A

directly underneath the bones of the skull and vertebral column

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69
Q

What are the two layers of the dura?

A

Outer periosteal of cranial dura line the interior of the skull, sends blood vessels and fibrous processes into the cranial bone
Inner meningeal layer completely envelopes CNS, tube of dura seen around spinal cord and tubular sheaths for cranial nerves

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70
Q

Are the dura layers fused?

A

The periosteal dura and meningeal dura are tightly fused together, except in a few places where they separate to form the dural venous sinuses

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71
Q

What is the dura mater like?

A

thick, tough, and inextensible

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72
Q

Where are the dural venous sinuses and what are they responsible for?

A

located between the two layers of dura mater
Responsible for the venous drainage of the cranium and empty into the internal jugular veins

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73
Q

What is the blood supply to the dura and what is its innervation?

A

primarily from the middle meningeal artery and vein
innervated by the trigeminal nerve (V1, V2 and V3)

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74
Q

Where do the dural folds come from and what is in them?

A

The meningeal layer of dura mater folds inwards upon itself to form four dural folds
Project into the cranial cavity, dividing it into several compartments – each of which houses a subdivision of the brain

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75
Q

What are the four dural folds?

A

Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebelli
Diaphagma sellae

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76
Q

How many venous sinuses are in the brain?

A

11

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77
Q

Which sinuses are in the falx cerebri?

A

straight, superior, and inferior sagittal sinuses

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78
Q

Where do the internal cerebral veins run?

A

Within substance of brain tissue and end at surface where they become external

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79
Q

Where do external cerebral veins run?

A

Surface of the brain, crossing subarachnoid space to drain into dural venous sinuses

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80
Q

What do sinuses in the brain do?

A

Connect major cerebral veins to internal jugular veins

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81
Q

Where can you find the cavernous sinus and what does it drain?

A

drains the ophthalmic veins and can be found on either side of the sella turcica. From here, the blood returns to the internal jugular vein via the superior or inferior petrosal sinuses

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82
Q

What is clinically significant about the cavernous sinus?

A

Contains 5 cranial nerves and the internal carotid artery
Very close to pituitary gland

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83
Q

What is the arachnoid mater?

A

the middle layer of the meninges, lying directly underneath the dura mater

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84
Q

What are 3 features of the arachnoid mater?

A

layers of connective tissue
avascular
does not receive any innervation

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85
Q

How does CSF re enter circulation?

A

Small projections of arachnoid mater into the dura (known as arachnoid granulations) allow CSF to re-enter the circulation via the dural venous sinuses

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86
Q

What do the sub-arachnoid cisterns contain?

A

CSF

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87
Q

What is CSF?

A

a clear, plasma-like fluid, that circulates within the system of cavities found within the central nervous system

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88
Q

Which specialized tissue produces and secretes CSF?

A

Choroid plexus

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89
Q

Where is the pia mater?

A

underneath the sub-arachnoid space

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90
Q

Features of the pia

A

very thin
tightly adhered to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
Follows gyri and sulci
Highly vascularised

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91
Q

What makes up the brainstem?

A

Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain

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92
Q

What are the boundaries of the medulla?

A

beginning at the foramen magnum to the caudal border of the pons and bulbopontine sulcus

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93
Q

What are the 3 sulci/fissure of the anterior medulla?

A

ventrolateral sulcus
anterior median fissure
posterolateral sulcus

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94
Q

What and where are the pyramids of the medulla?

A

Paired swellings found between the anterior median fissure and the ventrolateral sulcus
Marks the position of the corticospinal tracts

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95
Q

Where are the olives in the medulla?

A

pair of swellings located laterally to the pyramids
between the ventrolateral and posterolateral sulci

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96
Q

Which CN extends out of the ventrolateral sulcus?

A

Hypoglossal CN XII

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97
Q

Which CN join the medulla in the posteriolateral sulcus?

A

CN IX, CN X, and CN XI

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98
Q

What are the olives?

A

caused by the presence of the underlying inferior olivary nucleus
concerned with the control of movement

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99
Q

What is the inferior cerebellar peduncle and what does it form?

A

a thick bundle of white matter passing into the cerebellum
forms the posterolateral margin of the medulla

100
Q

What marks the midline of the posterior medulla?

A

Posterior median sulcus

101
Q

What and where is the gracile tubercle?

A

an elevation in the dorsal medulla, in the floor of the fourth ventricle
created by the underlying gracile nucleus

102
Q

What is the gracile fasciculus?

A

found throughout the spinal cord
begins at the caudal end of SC
comprises long ascending fibers from different spinal nerves
Carries fine touch, vibration, 2 point discrimination and proprioception from the lower limb

103
Q

What does the gracile nucleus do?

A

one of the dorsal column nuclei
sensation of fine touch and proprioception of the lower body
contains second-order neurons of the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway
receive inputs from sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia and send axons that synapse in the thalamus.

104
Q

What’s the difference between gracile and cuneate fasciculus?

A

Cuneate lateral to gracile
Cuneate = upper limb
Gracile = lower limb

105
Q

What is the cuneate tubercle?

A

an enlargement at the end of the cuneate fasciculus that is produced by cuneate nucleus

106
Q

What does the cuneate fasciculus do?

A

Carries fine touch, vibration, 2 point discrimination and proprioception from the upper limb

107
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle?

A

situated in front of the cerebellum and behind the pons and upper half of the medulla oblongata

108
Q

What is the function of the tegmentum?

A

Coordination of movement, pain processing, alertness

109
Q

Which CN nuclei are in the tegmentum?

A

CN IX, X, XI, XII

110
Q

What does the pons develop from?

A

the embryonic metencephalon

111
Q

What is found in basilar sulcus of pons?

A

Basilar artery

112
Q

Which cranial nerves originate from the ventral surface of the pons?

A

CN V (trigeminal), CN VI (aducens) , CN VII (facial) , CN VIII (vestibulocochlear)

113
Q

What are the two major components of the pons?

A

Tegmentum
Ventral pons

114
Q

What does the ventral pons do and contain?

A

Contains the pontine nuclei, which are responsible for coordinating movement
Fibres from the pontine nuclei cross the midline and form the middle cerebellar peduncles on their way to the cerebellum

115
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

a set of nuclei found throughout the brainstem that are responsible for arousal and attentiveness
partly formed by tegmentum

116
Q

What are the descending corticospinal tracts in pons responsible for?

A

responsible for voluntary motor control of the body

117
Q

What are the descending corticobulbar tracts in pons responsible for?

A

responsible for voluntary motor control of face, head and neck.

118
Q

What are the ascending medial lemniscus tracts in pons responsible for?

A

fine touch, vibration and proprioception

119
Q

What are the ascending spinothalamic tracts in pons responsible for?

A

responsible for pain and temperature sensation

120
Q

Where are the main sensory nucleus and the trigeminal motor nucleus?

A

Midpons

121
Q

What is the blood supply to the pons?

A

pontine arteries, branches of the basilar artery
A smaller part from the anterior inferior cerebellar artery and the superior cerebellar artery (AICA and SCA)

122
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the midbrain?

A

Tectum
Paired cerebral peduncles

123
Q

What separates the 4 colliculi of the tectum?

A

cruciform sulcus

124
Q

What does the superior brachium (lateral to colliculi) convey?

A

Visual info from lateral geniculate body to superior colliculi

125
Q

What does the inferior brachium (lateral to colliculi) convey?

A

Auditory info from medial geniculate body to inferior colliculi

126
Q

Where is the tectum in the midbrain?

A

posterior to the cerebral aqueduct

127
Q

What does the interpeduncular fossa separate?

A

The paired cerebral peduncles

128
Q

Which nerve exits between the paired cerebral peduncles?

A

oculomotor nerve (CNIII)

129
Q

Which four fibre tracts runs in crus cerebri and where are they?

A

Frontopontine fibres – located most medially.
Corticospinal fibres – motor fibres from the primary motor cortex.
Corticobulbar tracts – motor fibres from the primary motor cortex.
Temporopontine fibres – located posterolaterally

130
Q

Where is the pineal gland?

A

lies in the depression between the superior colliculi
attached to the roof of the third ventricle near its junction with the mid-brain

131
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

produces melatonin, a serotonin-derived hormone, which affects the modulation of sleep patterns in both seasonal and circadian rhythms

132
Q

What is the hindbrain divided into?

A

Medulla oblongata (myelencephalon)
Pons (metencephalon)
Cerebellum (metencephalon)

133
Q

What is the midbrain divided into?

A

Tectum (dorsal to cerebral aqueduct)
Cerebral peduncle (ventral to aqueduct, divided into tegmentum and crus cerebri)

134
Q

What are the crura cerebri (singular crus)?

A

Large bundles of white matter emerging from cerebral hemispheres which pass backwards and downwards to meet at top of pons
Form the cerebral peduncles visible

135
Q

What is the forebrain divided into?

A

Diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
Telencephalon (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia)

136
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

A fibrous sheet with white collagen and few elastic fibres arranged in dense laminae (often of parallel fibres)
2 layers: outer endosteal and inner meningeal (dura mater proper)

137
Q

What is the arachnoid mater?

A

Poorly vascularised membrane of loos connective tissue (collagen, elastin and reticulin fibres)
Loosely covers brain without following gyri and sulci

138
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

Very adherent to entire surface of CNS
Follows folds

139
Q

What separates the pia from the arachnoid?

A

Subarachnoid space with CSF

140
Q

What is white matter?

A

Formed by collections of nerve fibres wrapped in fatty myelin sheaths (few or no neuronal somata)

141
Q

What forms the grey matter?

A

Aggregations of neuronal cell bodies and local processes

142
Q

What is the neuropil?

A

Within grey matter, network of intermingled and interconnected neuronal processes occupying space between neuronal cell bodies

143
Q

What is the cortex?

A

Outer surface of the brain formed by flatter sheets of neurons

144
Q

How are the grey and white matter arranged in the spinal cord?

A

Grey matter forms core butterfly shape
Surrounded by white matter

145
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Large bundle of white matter connecting 2 hemispheres

146
Q

What are the mammilary bodies?

A

2 rounded eminences behind the optic chiasma

147
Q

Where is the interpeduncular fossa?

A

Space between the crura roofed over by arachnoid

148
Q

Where is the hypothalamus?

A

Behind the optic chiasma up to mammilary bodies

149
Q

Where is the pons?

A

Immediately behind where the crura cerebri meet in the midpoint
Forms bridge of neural tissue between midbrain and medulla

150
Q

Where is the medulla oblongata?

A

From caudal pons to spinal cord

151
Q

Where is the parietal lobe?

A

Central sulcus to occipital lobe
Left usually dominant

152
Q

What is parietal lobe important for?

A

Dominant lobe important for perception, interpretation of sensory info, formation of idea of complex motor response
Supramarginal and angular gyrus of dominant for language and maths
Non-dominant lobe for visuospatial functions

153
Q

What is the frontal lobe for?

A

Motor function
Problem solving
Spontaneity
Memory
Language
Judgement
Personality
Impulse control
Social and sexual behaviour

154
Q

Where is the prefrontal cortex and what is it important for?

A

Anterior frontal lobe
Higher cognitive functions
Personality

155
Q

Where is Broca’s?

A

Left inferior frontal gyrus
Language production and also comprehension

156
Q

What is in the posterior frontal lobe?

A

Motor and premotor areas

157
Q

What does the temporal lobe contain?

A

Primary auditory cortex
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Wernicke’s area

158
Q

Where is Wernicke’s?

A

Superior temporal gyrus of L hemisphere
Understanding spoken word

159
Q

Where is the auditory cortex?

A

Around lateral fissure

160
Q

What does the occipital lobe contain?

A

Primary visual cortex and visual association cortex

161
Q

What does the limbic system do? (5Fs)

A

Feeding (satiety & hunger)
Forgetting (memory)
Fighting (emotional response)
Family (sexual reproduction and maternal instincts)
Fornicating (sexual arousal)

162
Q

Where is the cerebellomedullary cistern?

A

between the medulla anteriorly and the cerebellum posteriorly
receives CSF from 4th ventricle via the median and lateral apertures

163
Q

What does the cerebellomedullary cistern contain?

A

Vertebral arteries
CN 9-11
Choroid plexus producing CSF

164
Q

Where is the pontine cistern?

A

anterior to the pons

165
Q

What does the pontine cistern contain?

A

Basilar artery
anterior inferior cerebellar artery
abducens nerve
superior cerebellar arteries

166
Q

What does the interpeduncular fossa contain?

A

circle of willis

167
Q

What does the superior cistern contain and where is it?

A

Great cerebral vein
Pineal gland
Between posterior end of corpus callosum and superior cerebellum

168
Q

What does the cistern of lateral fissure contain?

A

Middle cerebral artery

169
Q

What do the cisterna ambiens encircle?

A

Midbrain

170
Q

What makes up the blood brain barrier?

A

Tight junctions between endothelial cells to prevent molecules passing
No fenestrations in blood vessels
Pericytes in membrane wrap around endothelial cells and regulate capilliary flow
Astrocytic end feet restrict molecule flow into CNS parenchyma

171
Q

What is found in the subarachnoid space?

A

CSF
arachnoid trabeculae
cerebral arteries and veins
cranial and spinal nerves

172
Q

What is the purpose of the subarachnoid space?

A

House CSF to cushion brain and spinal cord
provide nutrients
remove waste
Support and stabilize brain and spinal cord

173
Q

What do the vertebral arteries supply?

A

Posterior cerebrum and contents of posterior cranial fossa
Provide 20% of total blood to brain

174
Q

What do the internal carotid arteries supply?

A

Anterior and middle parts of cerebrum and diencephalon
80% total blood supply to brain

175
Q

What does the internal carotid give rise to and what do these supply?

A

Ophthalmic artery – supplies the structures of the orbit.
Posterior communicating artery – acts as an anastomotic ‘connecting vessel’ in the Circle of Willis
Anterior choroidal artery – supplies structures for motor control and vision.
Anterior cerebral artery- supplies part of cerebrum

176
Q

What does the internal carotid continue as?

A

Middle cerebral artery

177
Q

What do the vertebral arteries get to brain through?

A

holes in the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae, known as foramen transversarium
Enter cranial cavity via foramen magnum

178
Q

What are the branches of the vertebral arteries before they become basilar?

A

Meningeal branch – supplies the falx cerebelli
Anterior and posterior spinal arteries – supplies the spinal cord
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery – supplies the cerebellum

179
Q

How does the basilar artery terminate?

A

bifurcating into the posterior cerebral arteries

180
Q

What is a berry aneurysm?

A

Sac-like outpouching from an intracranial artery
Progressively enlarge then rupture suddenly
Most often on anterior communicating

181
Q

Where does the basilar artery run?

A

Anterior median fissure of pons

182
Q

Where does vertebral become basilar?

A

midline lower border of pons

183
Q

Where are the internal cerebral veins?

A

Run within substance of brain and end when they reach the surface

184
Q

Where are the external cerebral veins?

A

Run on surface of brain
Cross subarachnoid space to drain into dural venous sinuses

185
Q

What does the cavernous sinus contain?

A

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
Abducens (CN VI)
Ophthalmic (V1) and maxillary (V2)
Internal carotid (only time an artery passes through a venous structure)

186
Q

Where are the cavernous sinuses?

A

located within the middle cranial fossa, on either side of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
enclosed by dura

187
Q

Where is the lacrimal gland?

A

Inside lateral margin of orbit
adjacent to lateral margin of LPS

188
Q

What does the cerebellum develop from?

A

Metencephalon

189
Q

What separates cerebellum and pons?

A

4th ventricle

190
Q

What makes up the cerebellum?

A

2 hemispheres and the vermis between

191
Q

What separates anterior lobe of cerebellum from posterior lobe?

A

Primary fissure

192
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?

A

Anterior
Posterior
Flocculonodular

193
Q

What are the 3 zones of the cerebellum?

A

Vermis
Intermediate
Lateral

194
Q

What does the cerebrocerebellum do?

A

formed by the lateral hemispheres
involved in planning movements and motor learning
receives inputs from the cerebral cortex and pontine nuclei, and sends outputs to the thalamus and red nucleus
regulates coordination of muscle activation and is important in visually guided movements

195
Q

What does the spinocerebellum do?

A

comprised of the vermis and intermediate zone of the cerebellar hemispheres
involved in regulating body movements by allowing for error correction
receives proprioceptive information

196
Q

What does the vestibulocerebellum do?

A

involved in controlling balance and ocular reflexes, mainly fixation on a target
It receives inputs from the vestibular system, and sends outputs back to the vestibular nuclei

197
Q

What is the blood supply to the cerebellum?

A

Superior cerebellar artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

198
Q

What are the openings into the 4th ventricle?

A

2 lateral aperatures in side wall (of Luschka)
Median aperature in roof (Magendie)

199
Q

What forms the boundaries of the 4th ventricle?

A

Lateral walls: formed by cerebellar peduncles
Roof: formed by cerebellar peduncles, superior and inferior medullary velum
Floor: formed by rhomboid fossa

200
Q

What forms the floor of the 4th ventricle?

A

posterior surface of the pons
junction of the medulla and pons
upper part of the posterior surface of the medulla

(median sulcus with median eminence either side)

201
Q

What is the rhomboid fossa?

A

diamond shaped floor of 4th ventricle limited laterally by cerebellar peduncles and posteriorly by gracile and cuneate tubercles

202
Q

What is the hypoglossal trigone?

A

Medial triangular area overlying the hypoglossal nerve nucleus

203
Q

What is the facial colliculus?

A

Rounded swelling caused by fibres of the facial nerve in pons
At level of superior fovea

204
Q

What does the median sulcus divide?

A

Rhomboid fossa into triangular left and right halves

205
Q

What is the vagal trigone?

A

Intermediate triangular area overlying the vagus nerve nucleus

206
Q

What is the vestibular trigone?

A

Lateral triangular area overling the vestibulocochlear nerve nucleus

207
Q

What is the obex?

A

Inferior apex of rhomboid fossa

208
Q

Where is the thalamus and what is it?

A

Superolateral walls of 3rd ventricle
Part of diencephalon
Major subcortical relay for ascending info

209
Q

Where is the hypothalamus and what does it do?

A

Ventral diencephalon
From optic chiasm to posterior mammilary body
Important for homeostasis and neuroendocrine control

210
Q

What and where is the fornix?

A

Bundle of white matter beneath the body of the corpus callosum
Connects hippocampus with diencephalon

211
Q

What and where is the hippocampus?

A

in the floor and medial wall of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle
involved in long term memory formation

212
Q

What does the medial geniculate nucleus do?

A

Relays auditory info from the midbrain to the auditory cortex and inferior colliculi

213
Q

What does the lateral geniculate nucleus do?

A

Relays visual info from the optic nerve to both the visual cortex and superior colliculi

214
Q

What does the hypothalamic sulcus do?

A

Divide the diencephalon into dorsal and ventral parts

215
Q

What do association fibres do?

A

Link cortical regions within one hemisphere
Can be short or long (spanning lobes)

216
Q

What is the longitudinal fasciculus made of?

A

Association fibres

217
Q

What are the 3 types of white matter fibres?

A

Association
Commissural
Projection

218
Q

What do commissural fibres do?

A

Link similar functional areas of 2 hemispheres
E.g. corpus callosum

219
Q

What do projection fibres do?

A

Link cortex with subcortical structures

220
Q

Where is the cingulate gyrus?

A

Immediately dorsal and parallel to corpus callosum

221
Q

What is the uncus?

A

A hook shaped region of the cortex at the anterior end of the temporal lobe
Plays a role in olfaction, emotions and memory

222
Q

What forms the roof of the body of the lateral ventricle?

A

Corpus callosum

223
Q

Where is the claustrum?

A

Deep to: Insula and extreme capsule
Lateral to: external capsule and putamen

224
Q

What is the striatum?

A

the main input unit of the basal ganglia
It receives excitatory glutamatergic inputs from the cerebral cortex

225
Q

Where is the caudate nucleus?

A

an elongated C-shaped nucleus that lies anterior to the thalamus, just lateral to the lateral ventricles and medial to the internal capsule

226
Q

Where is the putamen and what does it do?

A

laterally to the globus pallidus and medially to the external capsule
Regulates motor funcitons and employ learning

227
Q

What is the globus pallidus?

A

a paired subcortical structure, situated medially to the putamen and composed of inhibitory GABAergic projection neurons

GP medial and GP lateral

228
Q

What separates the globus pallidus and the putamen?

A

GP lateral separted from putamen by lateral medullary lamina
GPs separated by medial medullary lamina

229
Q

Where is the internal capsule?

A

lateral to the thalamus and caudate nucleus, and medial to the lentiform nucleus

230
Q

Where is the external capsule?

A

White matter between putamen and claustrum

231
Q

What is the internal capsule for?

A

Connections between cerebral cortex and subcortical structures, brainstem & spinal cord
Carries all motor and sensory fibres to and from cortex

232
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

White matter fibres radiating from the internal capsule
Deep to lentiform nucleus

233
Q

Features of C vertebrae

A

Small body
Bifid spinous process
Large triangular foramen
Transverse foramina for vertebral arteries

234
Q

Features of T vertebrae

A

Heart shaped body
2 demi facets on superior and inferior lateral surface to attach to rib
Circular foramen
Costal facets

235
Q

Features of lumbar vertebrae

A

Bean shaped
Large body
Short and posterior projecting spinous processes
Small triangular vertebral foramen

236
Q

What are intervertebral discs?

A

Strong fibrocartilaginous structures between nuclei
Can withstand compression forces and allow movement

237
Q

What are the 2 parts of the intervertebral discs?

A

Nucelus pulposus (gel of proteoglycans, collagen and cartilage cells) surrounded by annulus fibrosis (collagen, attached to vertebral bodies and posterior longitudinal ligament)

238
Q

What is the spinal cord segment?

A

The area of the spinal cord where pairs of spinal nerves are given off

239
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs so 31 segements

240
Q

How are the spinal nerves distributed?

A

8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

241
Q

What does the dorsal root of a spinal nerve carry?

A

Sensory fibres
Has a dorsal root ganglion

242
Q

What does the ventral root carry?

A

Motor
Emerges on anterolateral aspect of cord

243
Q

Where do the roots join to form spinal cord and what happens?

A

Intervertebral foramen
Then immediately split to form dorsal and ventral rami (both have sensory and motor)

244
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

Bundle of the lumbar and sacral nerve roots after the termination of the spinal cord

245
Q

At what level is the conus medullaris?

A

L2

246
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate?

A

L1-2

247
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex?

A

Walls of the calcarine sulcus

248
Q

What is the paracentral lobule?

A

U-shaped gyrus surrounding medial extension of central sulcus
Contains representations of the lower limb within the primary motor and somatic sensory areas

Phase 1 (18 decks)

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