Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neurology > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of nervous systems

A

Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Major divisions of the central nervous system

A

Brain (encephalon)
Forebrain (prosencephalon)
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
Pons
Medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What two parts is the forebrain made up of?

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Rostral

A

Towards the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Caudal

A

Towards the tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Grey matter

A

More complex
Contains neurones and processes and synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The grey matter surrounding the cerebrum is known as the cortex of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

White matter

A

White colour comes from myelin
Simpler
Composed of axons
Cabling of the brain- carries impulses across the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are Association fibres?

A

a type of white matter tract that connects different areas in the same hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Types of association fibres

A

Short association fibres- carry info within a hemisphere
Long range association fibres- connect distant part of the cerebral cortex in the same side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are commissural fibres?

A

Type of white matter tract that connect an area in one hemisphere with an area in the opposite hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Largest set of commissural fibres

A

Corpus callosum
This crosses between the two hemispheres- left and right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are projection fibres?

A

are a type of white matter tract that connects the cortex with other areas in the CNS
They may be efferent (motor) or afferent tracts (sensory)
Carry fibres up/down

Eg corticospinal tract- carries motor signals from the cerebrum to the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Main lobes of the forebrain

A

Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Cerebellum
Occipital lobe
Parietal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of the pre central sulcus?

A

Location of Where the upper motor neurones control motor functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the insula and operculum?

A

The operculum is the cortical structure which forms the lid over the insular cortex, overlapping it and covering it from external view

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Functions of the insula and operula

A

disgust
emotion
homeostasis
perception
motor control
self-awareness
cognitive functioning (thinking/reasoning)
interpersonal experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Motor function, problem solving, memory, judgement, impulse control, higher cognitive function, language, executive function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Motor cortex- homunculus

A

topographic representation of the body parts and its correspondents along the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Motor cortex- homunculus

A

Dedication of particular size of brain to body is determined by the complex movements of that part of the body
Eg; similar amount of brain dedicated to tongue as to the trunk (which is massive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Semantic processing (the meaning and identity of things), memory, Language, primary auditory cortex
Facial recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Parietal lobes

A

Somatosensory- pain and sense s
Dominant (usually left) perception, language and mathematics
Non dominant (usually right): visuospatial function

23
Q

Occipital lobes

A

Visual

24
Q

Where is the The neocortex

A

The neocortex comprises the largest part of the cerebral cortex and makes up approximately half the volume of the human brain

25
Q

6 layers of the neocortex

A

These layers have different functions
These layers are differently distributed throughout the brain
near to the pia mater, to the innermost layer VI – near to the underlying white matter

26
Q

Functions of the neocortex

A

2- Input from other cortical areas
3- Projections to other cortical areas
4- Input from thalamus
5- Projects to brainstem and spinal cord
6- Projects to thalamus

27
Q

Broca’s area

A

Largely associated with producing language

28
Q

Wernickes area

A

Understanding language

29
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Nips two sides of the brain together

30
Q

Coverings of the brain

A

Slide 30
Dura matter is the covering of the brain and also acts as periosteum- the membrane of blood vessels and nerves that wraps around most of your bones
Arachnoid matter contains csf and is loosely attached
Pia matter is closely attached

31
Q

Dura matter

A

Slide 31

32
Q

Arachnoid mater and arachnoid cisterns

A

Slide 32

33
Q

Blood brain barrier’s 4 key elements

A

Endothelial cell tight junctions- lines blood vessels

Lack of BM fenestrations

Astrocytic end feet- support cells, envelope the CNS capillaries- extend upto and around blood vessels

Pericytes- regulates blood-brain barrier permeability, blood flow and vascular immunity

34
Q

Arterial territories

A

Slide 37-40

35
Q

Superficial veins and sinuses

A

Veins drain into sinuses (these are large pool of venous blood) which are present in the channels between the 2 layers of dura

36
Q

The vasculature of the spinal cord

A

42-44

37
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line the ventricles

Ciliated cells- cilia beat regularly to move the Cerebrospinal fluid along

38
Q

Choroid plexus

A

A network of blood vessels and cells in the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) of the brain. The blood vessels are covered by a thin layer of cells that make cerebrospinal fluid.

These cells are ependymal cells

39
Q

Interstitial fluid drainage

A

Interstitial fluid drains into the CSF via perivascular channels- gaps containing interstitial fluid that span between blood vessels and their host organ

CSF drains via
-Arachnoid granulations which allow allow the CSF to be drained into the superior sagittal sinus
-Peripheral nerves to lymphatics (importantly the nasal mucosa lymphatics and deep cervical lymph nodes)

40
Q

Limbic system and the Papez circuit

A

Includes:
-Mammillary bodies
-Fornix
-Hippocampus
-Cingulate gyrus
-Cingulum- fibre bundle deep inside the cingulate gyrus
-Thalamus
-amygdala
-basal ganglia
All of these structures are connected in a circuit, which are important for memory, motivation, emotion and fight or flight

41
Q

Amygdala- sits in front of hippocampus

A

Important for fight or flight

42
Q

Hippocampus

A

Sits in medial temporal lobe

Lay down memories rather than store them

Vulnerable to hypoxic ischaemic chain, epilepsy
Scarring of hippocampus can cause epilepsy

Look on slide

43
Q

The Diencephalon and internal capsule

A

The Diencephalon is the first set of structures above the midbrain that begin to split apart

Ppt

44
Q

Thalamus

A

Contains 3 main groups of nuclei:
-sensory relays
However smell bypasses the thalamus but others pass through
-cerebellum and basal ganglia relays to motor frontal lobe
connected to associative and limbic areas of cerebral cortex

Damage causes loss of sensation, pain, or movement disorders

Thalamus has a point of communication between other basal ganglia structures, cerebellum and parts of the motor frontal lobe

45
Q

Thalamus connections

A

Thalamus projects to various parts of forebrain

Lateral geniculate nucleus projects to the visual cortex of the brain and receives the first point of synapse of incoming data from the retina
So the optic nerve projects to the lateral geniculate nucleus

The medial geniculate nucleus projects onto the auditory cortex and serves a similar function

Both of these communicate with the superior and inferior colloquially at the back of the midbrain

Ventral lateral projections go to motor and somatic sensory cortex

46
Q

Basal ganglia

A

a group of subcortical nuclei containing
o Striatum: putamen and caudate nucleus
o Globus pallidus- separated into GPe and GPi
o Substantial nigra- pars compacta and pars reticulata

responsible primarily for motor control, as well as other roles such as motor learning, executive functions and behaviors, and emotions.

47
Q

Caudate nucleus and putamen form the striatum

A

Striatum is important in initiating movement

Dorsal striatum: caudate nucleus and putamen
Ventral striatum: part of limbic system

Receives a lot of dopaminergic input from the substantia nigra in the midbrain

48
Q

2 broad circuits through the previously explained structures that are referred to as basal ganglia

A

Direct and indirect pathways- related to when to decide to do a movement

Substantia nigra has an important role in directing this to happen

49
Q

The hypothalamus

A

Sits on top of pituitary gland

Main output is to pituitary gland which produces hormones that regulate homeostasis

Slide 80

50
Q

Substantia nigra pars compacta (output to the basal ganglia) releases dopamine which activates direct pathway of basal ganglia and inhibits indirect pathway

A

Activation of direct pathway allows for movement

51
Q

Dopamine binds D1 and D2 receptors - D1 receptor: direct pathway activation, D2 receptor: indirect pathway inhibition

A

Whether direct pathway is activated or indirect pathway is inhibited is dependant on the whether D1 or D2 receptor on postsynaptic neurone

52
Q

GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

If you release GABA you inhibit, if you prevent release of GABA you activate

53
Q

D1 receptors bind with dopamine activating the Direct pathway: movement initiated

A
  • Cortex relays signals to striatum via glutamate (neurotransmitter)
  • Striatum releases GABA which inhibits globus pallidus (Gpi) from releasing GABA. This disinhibits the thalamus and allows for movement
54
Q

D2 receptors bind to dopamine inhibiting the Indirect pathway: stops movement

A

Cortex relays signal to striatum via glutamate
- Striatum releases GABA, inhibiting GPe from releasing GABA
- This inhibits Subthalamic nucleus (type of basal ganglia) , which stimulates GABA release from GPi, inhibits the thalamus

Neurology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions