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semester 5 > neuro500 (class 1 spinal cord) > Flashcards

neuro500 (class 1 spinal cord) Flashcards

1
Q

what protects spinal cord?

A

bony verterbral column

meninges

space w/ CSF

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2
Q

meninges – 3 covers

A

dura mater

arachnoid mater

pia mater

mater=mother
arachnoid=spider
dura=tough
pia=soft

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3
Q

spaces b/w meninges

A

epidural (outside dura mater)

subdural space
(b/w dura mater & arachnoid mater)

subarachnoid space
(b/w arachnoid and pia mater)

NO SPACE UNDER PIA MATER

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4
Q

dura mater

A

-superficial layer

-dense irregular connective tissue

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5
Q

arachnoid mater

A

-middle layer

-avascular

-delicate collagen fibers and some elastic fibers

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6
Q

pia mater

A

-innermost layer

-thin & transparent

-adheres to surface of spinal cord & brain

-lots of blood vessels to supply spinal cord

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7
Q

denticulate ligaments of PIA MATER

A
  • extensions of pia mater that suspend the spinal cord in the middle
    -protect against sudden displacement
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8
Q

spinal cord external anatomy

shape
length

A

Shape: oval (flattened anteriorly and posteriorly)

Length: medulla oblongata to L2
(in newborns it goes to L3 or L4)

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9
Q

two ENLARGEMENTS of spinal cord

A

cervical enlargement
-from C4 to T1
-nerves to and from the arms

(lumbar enlargement)
-from T9 to T12
-nerves to and from legs

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10
Q

Conus medullaris

A

-end of the spinal cord

-ends between L1 and L2

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11
Q

Filum terminale

A

-extension of pia mater that runs
from conus medullaris to coccyx

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12
Q

Cauda equina

A

-the spinal nerve roots at the end of
the spinal cord don’t exit the
vertebral column at the same level
that they exit the cord, they fan out
like a horse’s tail

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13
Q

Spinal tap (lumbar puncture)

A

local anasthetic given

long hollow needle used

inserted into subarachnoid space
—> withdraw CSF
(for Dx)

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14
Q

spinal cord internal anatomy

A

white matter

gray matter

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15
Q

white matter

A

bundles of myelinated axons

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16
Q

Grey matter

A

= dendrites and cell bodies of neurons

= unmyelinated axons

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17
Q

what forms spinal nerve?

A

anterior and posterior rootlets join to form anterior & posterior roots

roots join together to form spinal nn

spinal nerve = ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR RAMI

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18
Q

root ganglia –> where is it?

A

POSTERIOR NERVE ROOT

(DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA)

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19
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

CELL BODIES OF SENSORY NEURONS

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20
Q

ganglion deifne

A

“This is a plural term for “ganglion.” Ganglia are groups of nerves or brain cells that are closely related.”

“They might share connections and jobs or work together as part of a bigger subsystem of your nervous system.”

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21
Q

GRAY MATTER “butterfly” shape

A

ANTERIOR GRAY HORNS

POSTEIROR GRAY HORNS

LATERAL GRAY HORNS

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22
Q

posterior gray horns

A

-incoming sensory axons

-cell bodies of interneurons

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23
Q

Anterior gray horns

A

-somatic motor cell bodies

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24
Q

Lateral Grey Horns

A

-only in thoracic spine and upper
lumbar spine

-autonomic motor cell bodies

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25
Q

cell bodies of sensory neruons

A

dorsla root ganglia

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26
Q

cell bodies of somatic motor neurons

A

anteiror gray horns

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27
Q

cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

A

lateral gray horns

28
Q

CELL BODIES OF INTERNEURONS

A

POSTERIOR GRAY HORN

29
Q

so if cell bodies of sensory neurons are dorsal root ganglia, what part of sensory neurons is in POSTERIOR GRAY HORN?

A

SENSORY AXONS

30
Q

how to tell front from back of SPINAL CORD?

A

FISSURE ON ANTERIOR

OR
POSTERIOR ROOT GANGLIA

OR
ANTERIOR GRAY HORN
(larger end of butterfly)

31
Q

LATERAL GRAY HORNS

ONLY PRESENT @ WHICH LEVEL OF SPINAL CORD?

A

-only in thoracic spine and upper lumbar spine

(WHY? b/c ANS)

32
Q

POSTEIROR MEDIAN SULCUS

(of spinal cord)

A

“The posterior median sulcus, also known as the dorsal median sulcus, is a shallow groove found in the midline of the posterior aspect of the spinal cord, medulla oblongata and pons. In the spinal cord, it is the external boundary of the posterior median septum”

33
Q

Anterior median fissure

A

“The anterior median fissure of the spinal cord is a deep midline groove of the anterior spinal cord. It divides the white matter of the anterior spinal cord nearly in two.”

34
Q

gray commissure

A

“The gray commissure is a thin band of gray matter in the spinal cord that connects the two sides of the cord. It surrounds the central canal, which contains cerebrospinal fluid.”

35
Q

Central canal

A

“The central canal is located in the anterior third of the spinal cord in the cervical and thoracic regions.”

“In the lumbar spine it enlarges and is located more centrally.”

“At the conus medullaris [end of spinal cord], where the spinal cord tapers, it is located more posteriorly.”

36
Q

anterior white commissure

A

“The anterior white commissure (ventral white commissure) is a bundle of nerve fibers which cross the midline of the spinal cord just anterior (in front of) to the gray commissure”

37
Q

tracts

A

bundles of axons in the CNS

38
Q

nerves

A

bundles of axons in the PNS

39
Q

Nuclei

A

clusters of cell bodies in the CNS

40
Q

Ganglion

A

clusters of cell bodies in the PNS

41
Q

spinal nerve coverings

A

endoneurium

perineurium

epineurium

42
Q

vasa nervorum

A

“The vasa nervorum are an irregular source of nutrition that supplies each peripheral nerve from the adjacent blood vessels.”

(DIABETIC NEUROPATHY)

43
Q

endoneurium

A
  • innermost layer
  • wraps individual axon
44
Q

perineurium

A
  • middle layer
  • wraps fascicles
45
Q

epineurium

A
  • outer layer
  • wraps entire nerve
46
Q

anterior (ventral) ramus of spinal nerve

A

everywhere except head/spinal&back

47
Q

posteiror (dorsal) ramus of spinal nerve

A

to ESGs/skin in that area

48
Q

MENINGEAL BRANCH

A

to meninges

49
Q

so 4 branches of spinal nerve

A

posterior ramus
anterior ramus
meningeal branch
RAMI COMMUNICANTES

50
Q

rami communicantes

A

“When used without further definition, it almost always refers to a communicating branch between a spinal nerve and the sympathetic trunk. More specifically, it usually refers to one of the following :
Gray ramus communicans

White ramus communicans
“

“Thoracic ganglia send grey rami communicantes to their adjacent body wall. They supply blood vessels, sweat glands, and arrectores pilorum muscles. Lumbar ganglia have grey rami communicantes that rejoin the appropriate spinal nerves to supply the abdominal wall and lower limbs.”

51
Q

classification of nerve injury

A

Neurapraxia

Axonotmesis

Neurotmesis

52
Q

Neurapraxia

A

neur
a = not
praxia = action

  • first degree nerve injury
  • mild focal compression (causing a
    conduction block)
  • segmental demyelination
  • reversible in hours to months
  • no break in the fiber
  • (motor function loss)
53
Q

Axonotmesis

A

axon
tmesis = sever/cut

  • second degree nerve injury
  • prolonged, severe compression
  • endoneurium intact
  • prognosis > 6 months
  • sensory, motor and autonomic loss
54
Q

axonotmesis involves ____

A
  • Wallerian Degeneration

(degeneration of the axon, distal to injury)

55
Q
  • Wallerian Degeneration
A

Wallerian degeneration is an active process of anterograde degeneration of the distal end of an axon that is a result of a nerve lesion.

56
Q

Neurotmesis

A
  • third degree nerve injury
  • damaged endoneurium
  • Wallerian Degeneration
  • hard to regenerate
  • surgical intervention to suture
57
Q

surgically fixing nerves?

A

suturing ends together

58
Q

CSF in which space?

A

subarachnoid

59
Q

pia mater extension inferior

A

filum terminale

60
Q

pia mater extension to spinal cord

A

denticulate ligs

61
Q

foramen magnum to L2

A

spinal cord

62
Q

spinal cor becomes

A

cauda equina

63
Q

white matter divided to

A

posterior column

anterior column

lateral columns

64
Q

neurapraxia

A

segmental demyelination

65
Q

2nd degree nerve injury

A

axonotmesis

wallerian degeneration

–> same spot (and everything distal)

66
Q

neurotmesis

A

wallerian degeneration also, (but endoneurium is not intact)

semester 5 (17 decks)

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