Neuro Second Portion Flashcards
What is the anatomy of the nervous system called?
Neuroanatomy
Which term referring to location in the nervous system means: towards the stomach?
Ventral
Which term referring to location in the nervous system means: toward the back?
Dorsal
Which term referring to location in the nervous system means: toward the front end?
Anterior
Which term referring to location in the nervous system means: toward the back end?
Posterior
Which term referring to location in the nervous system means: toward the side
Lateral
Which term referring to location in the nervous system means: toward the midline
Medial
What term means above another part?
Superior
What term means below another part?
Inferior
What term means located close (approximate) to the point of origin or attachment?
Proximal
What term means located more distant from the point of origin or attachment?
Distal
What term means on the same side of the body (e.g., two parts on the left or two on the right)?
Ipsilateral
What term means on the opposite side of the body (one on the left and one on the right)
Contralateral
What term means a plan that shows brain structures as seen from the front?
Coronal plan (or frontal plane)
What term means a plane that shows brain structures as seen from the side?
Sagittal Plane
What term means a plan that shows brain structures as seen from above?
Horizontal Plane (Or Transverse Plane)
Which plane is this?
Horizontal Plane
Which plane is this?
Sagittal Plane
Which plane is this?
Coronal Plane
Within the Peripheral Nervous System, what system controls voluntary muscles and conveys sensory information to the central nervous system?
Somatic
Within the Peripheral Nervous System, what system controls involuntary muscles?
Autonomic
Within the Autonomic portion of the Peripheral Nervous System, what system expends energy?
Sympathetic
Within the Autonomic portion of the Peripheral Nervous System, what system conserves energy?
Parasympathetic
The Central Nervous System consists of what two pieces?
Brain and Spinal Chord
The _____ _____ is the part of the CNS found within the spinal column and communicates with the sense organs and muscles below the level of the head.
Spinal Cord
The _____-_____ ______ states that entering dorsal roots carry sensory information and the exiting ventral roots carry motor information.
Bell-Magendie Law
The cell bodies of the sensory neurons are located in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord called _____ _____ _____.
Dorsal Root Ganglia
In the spinal cord, what is located in the center of the spinal cord and is densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites?
Grey Matter
In the spinal cord, what is composed mostly of myelinated axons that carry information from the grey matter to the brain or other areas of the spinal cord?
White Matter
The Peripheral Nervous System is comprised of what two systems?
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
The Somatic Nervous System consists of nerves that: convey _____ information to the CNS, and transmit messages for _____ movement from the CNS to the body.
Sensory, motor
The _____ _____ _____ regulates the automatic behaviors of the body (heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion etc).
Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous system can be divided into what two subsystems?
The Sympathetic Nervous System
The Parasympathetic Nervous System
The _____ _____ _____ is a network of nerves that prepares the organs for rigorous activity: increases heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, etc., is comprised of ganglia on the left and right of the spinal cord, and mainly uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter at the postganglionic synapses.
Sympathetic Nervous System
The _____ _____ _____ facilitates vegetative, nonemergency responses by the organs, decreases functions increased by the sympathetic nervous system, comprised of long pre-ganglion axons extending from the spinal cord and short postganglionic fibers that attach to the organs themselves, and is dominant during our relaxed states, and postganglionic axons mostly release acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
The brain can be divided into three major divisions: _____, _____, _____
Hindbrain, Midbrain, Forebrain
What are the two major structures of the Forebrain?
Thalamus & Hypothalamus
What are the five major structures of the Midbrain?
Tectum, Tegmentum, Superior and Inferior Colliculi, Sustantia Nigra
What are the three major structures of the Hindbrain?
Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum
A structure in the Forebrain, what is a relay station for transmitting sensory information?
Thalamus
A structure in the forebrain, what is involved in functions like hormone regulation, temperature regulation, and maintaining daily physiological cycles?
Hypothalamus
A structure in the midbrain, what is the dorsal part of the midbrain, involved in auditory and visual reflexes?
Tectum
A structure in the Midbrain, what is the central part of the midbrain, involved in many basic functions such as homeostasis and reflex actions?
Tegmentum
Structures in the Midbrain, what are involved in preliminary visual and auditory processing?
Superior and Inferior Colliculi
A structure in the Midbrain, what is involved in reward and movement?
Substantia Nigra
A structure in the Hindbrain, what controls autonomic functions and connects the brain to the spinal cord?
Medulla
A structure in the Hindbrain, what is a brain structure that relays information from the forebrain to the cerebellum and deals with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture.
Pons
A structure in the Hindbrain, what is involved in motor control, coordination, precision, and accurate timing?
Cerebellum
Also known as the prosencephalon, what is the anterior part of the brain that includes the telencephalon and diencephalon and includes the Thalamus and Hypothalamus?
Forebrain
Also known as the mesencephalon, what is a portion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation and includes the Tectum, Tegmentum, Superior and Inferior Colliculi, and Substantia Nigra?
Midbrain
Also known as the rhombencephalon, what is the posterior part of the brain, consisting of the metencephalon and myelencephalon, and includes the Medulla, Pons, and Cerebellum?
Hindbrain
What’s this?
Corpus Callosum
What’s this?
Cerebral Cortex
What’s this?
Thalamus
What’s this?
Hypothalamus
What’s this?
Pituitary Gland
What’s this?
Pons
What’s this?
Medulla
What’s this?
Cerebellum
In the spinal cord, what is the butterfly-shaped area in the center of the spinal cord made up of neuron cell bodies where synaptic connections are made?
Gray Matter
In the spinal cord, what is the outer region surrounding the gray matter, consisting of myelinated nerve fibers (axons) that are the pathways for nerve signals traveling to and from the brain?
White Matter
In the spinal cord, what is a cluster of nerve cell bodies (neurons) in a dorsal root of a spinal nerve, which contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons that bring information from the periphery to the spinal cord?
Dorsal Root Ganglion
In the spinal cord, what are the nerves that bring sensory information from the body into the spinal cord through the dorsal roots?
Sensory Nerve
In the spinal cord, what are the nerves that carry motor commands from the spinal cord out to the body through the ventral roots?
Motor Nerve
What’s this?
Dorsal Root Ganglion
What’s this?
Gray Matter
What’s this?
Central Canal
What’s this?
White Matter
What’s this?
Sensory Nerve
What’s this?
Motor Nerve
What side is this?
Dorsal
What side is this?
Ventral
The hindbrain structures, the midbrain, and other central structures of the brain combine and make up the _____ _____.
Brain Stem
What’s this?
Thalamus
What’s this?
Superior Colliculus
What’s this?
Inferior Colliculus
What’s this?
Tectum
What’s this?
Tegmentum
What’s this?
Pons
What’s this?
Medulla
What’s this?
Pineal Gland
What’s this?
Midbrain
What is located just above the spinal cord and could be regarded as an enlarged extension of the spinal cord, and is responsible for vital reflexes such as breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing?
Medulla
What allow the medulla to control sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head, and many parasympathetic outputs to the organs?
Cranial Nerves
Which cranial nerve holds a major function of smell?
Olfactory
Which cranial nerve holds a major function of vision?
Optic
What are the major functions of the following three cranial nerves: Oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens?
Control of Eye Movement
What cranial nerve holds the function of skin sensations from most of the face and control of jaw muscles for chewing and swallowing?
Trigeminal
What cranial nerve holds the function of taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, control of facial expressions, crying, salivation, and dilation of the head’s blood vessels?
Facial
What cranial nerve holds the function of hearing and equilibrium?
Statoacoustic
What cranial nerve controls taste and other sensations from the throat and posterior third of the tongue, including swallowing, salivation, and throat movements during speech?
Glossopharyngeal
What cranial nerve functions as the source of sensations from the neck and thorax, control of the throat, esophagus, and larynx, and parasympathetic nerves to the stomach, intestines, and other organs?
Vagus
What cranial nerve holds the function of control of neck and shoulder movements?
Accessory
What cranial nerve holds the function of control of muscles of the tongue?
Hypoglossal
What’s this?
Optic Nerve
What are theses?
Cranial Nerves
What is this?
Pons
What are these?
Spinal Nerves
What’s this?
Medulla
What’s this?
Cerebellum
What’s this?
Midbrain
What lies on each side of the medulla (ventral and anterior), contains the reticular formation and raphe system along with the medulla, and works in conjunction to increase arousal and readiness of other parts of the brain?
Pons
The descending portion of this is one of several brain areas that control the motor areas of the spinal cord and the descending portion of this sends output to much of the cerebral cortex, selectively increasing arousal and attention. What is it?
Reticular Formation
The _____ system also sends axons to much of the forebrain, modifying the brain’s readiness to respond to stimuli.
raphe
What structure is located in the hindbrain with many deep folds, helps regulate motor movement, balance and coordination, and is also important for shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli?
Cerebellum
The _____ is comprised of the following structures: tectum, superior colliculus & inferior colliculus, tagmentum, and substantial nigra.
Midbrain
What is the roof of the midbrain?
Tectum
What are the swellings on each side of the rectum and routes for sensory information?
Superior Colliculus & Inferior Colliculus
What is the intermediate level of the midbrain?
Tagmentum
What gives rise to the dopamine-containing pathway in the midbrain?
Substantia Nigra
The _____ is the most anterior and prominent part of the mammalian brain and consists of two cerebral hemispheres: the outer cortex and subcortical regions, and the outer portion known as the “cerebral cortex.”
Forebrain
What’s this?
Cingulate Gyrus
What’s this?
Frontal Lobe
What’s this?
Corpus Callosum
What’s this?
Nucleus Accumbens
What’s this?
Hypothalamus
What’s this?
Pituitary Gland
What’s this?
Pons
What’s this?
Medulla
What’s this?
Spinal Cord
What’s this?
Parietal Lobe
What’s this?
Thalamus
What’s this?
Occipital Lobe
What are these?
Superior and Inferior Colliculi
What’s this?
Cerebellum
What’s this?
Central Canal of Spinal Cord
What are structures of the brain that lie underneath the cortex?
Subcortical Regions
What do the subcortical structures of the forebrain include?
Thalamus and Basal Ganglia
What is the relay station from the sensory organs and the main source of input to the cortex?
Thalamus
What subcortical part of the forebrain is important for certain aspects of movement?
Basal Ganglia
The _____ system consists of several other interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem, including the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex. It is associated with motivation, emotion, drive, and aggression.
limbic
What’s This?
Cingulate Gyrus
What’s this?
Thalamus
What’s this?
Hypothalamus
What’s this?
Mamillary Body
What’s this?
Hippocampus
What’s this?
Amygdala
What’s this?
Olfactory Bulb
What is the area near the base of the brain that conveys messages to the pituitary gland to trigger the release of hormones and is associated with behaviors such as eating, drinking, sexual behavior, and other motivated behaviors?
Hypothalamus
The Thalamus and the Hypothalamus together form the _____.
Diencephalon
What’s this?
Primary Motor Cortex
What’s this?
Frontal Cortex
What’s this?
Optic Track
What’s this?
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
What’s this?
Occipital Cortex
What’s this?
Thalamus
What part of the Thalamus is this?
Dorsomedial Nucleus
What part of the Thalamus is this?
Ventral Lateral Nucleus
What part of the Thalamus is this?
Ventral Posterior Nucleus
What part of the Thalamus is this?
Lateral Geniculate Body
What part of the Thalamus is this?
Pulvinar Nucleus
What is the hormone-producing gland found at the base of the hypothalamus?
Pituitary Gland
What is comprised of the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus, and is associated with planning of motor movement, and aspects of memory and emotional expression?
Basal Ganglia
What is this?
Thalamus
What are these?
Globus Pallidus (Medial)
What is this?
Caudate Nucleus
What is this?
Putamen (Lateral)
What is this?
Amygdala
The _____ _____ is comprised of several structures that lie on the dorsal surface of the forebrain and contains the nucleus basalis.
Basal forebrain
What receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia, sends axons that release acetylcholine to the cerebral cortex, and is a key part of the brain’s system for arousal, wakefulness, and attention?
Nucleus Basalis
What’s this?
Nucleus Basalis
What is a large structure located between the thalamus and cerebral cortex that is critical for storing certain types of memory?
Hippocampus
What is a fluid-filled channel in the center of the spinal cord?
Central Canal
What are four fluid-filled cavities within the brain containing cerebrospinal fluid?
Ventricles
What is a clear fluid similar to blood plasma found in the brain and spinal cord that provides “cushioning” for the brain and is a reservoir of hormones and nutrition for the brain and spinal cord?
Cerebrospinal Fluid
What are these?
Lateral Ventricles
What is this?
Third Ventricle
What’s this?
Cerebral Aquaduct
What’s this?
Central Canal of the Spinal Cord
What’s this?
Thalamus
What’s this?
Fourth Ventricle
What are these?
Lateral Ventricles
What is the most prominent part of the mammalian brain that consists of the cellular layers on the outer surface of the brain, is comprised of grey matter and white matter, is divided into two halves, is joined by two bundles of axons called the corpus callosum and the anterior commissure, and is more highly developed in humans than other species?
Cerebral Cortex
The cerebral cortex contains up to six distinct _____ (layers) that are parallel to the surface of the cortex.
laminae
Cells of the cortex are also divided into _____ that lie perpendicular to the laminae.
Columns
Name the four lobes of the cerebral cortex.
Occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal
What’s this?
Precentral Gyrus (Primary Motor Cortex)
What’s this?
Prefrontal Lobe (Planning of Movements, Recent Memory, Some Aspects of Emotions)
What’s this?
Central Sulcus
What’s this?
Postcentral Gyrus (Primary Somatosensory Cortex)
What’s this?
Parietal Lobe (Body Sensations)
What’s this?
Occipital Lobe (Vision)
What’s this?
Olfactory Bulb
What sense does this part of the brain control?
Auditory
What does this part of the brain control?
Motor
What does this part of the brain control?
Somesthetic
What does this part of the brain control?
Visual
What part of the brain is located at the posterior end of the cortex, is known as the striate cortex or the primary visual cortex, is highly responsible for visual input, and damage to it can result in cortical blindness?
Occipital Lobe
What part of the brain contains the postcentral gyrus (aka “primary somatosensory cortex”) is the primary target for touch sensations, and information from muscle-stretch receptors and joint receptors, and is also responsible for processing and integrating information about eye, head, and body positions from information sent from muscles and joints?
Parietal Lobe
What part of the brain is located on the lateral portion of the hemispheres near the temples, is a target for auditory information and essential for processing spoken language, and is also responsible for complex aspects of vision including movement and some emotional and motivational behaviors?
Temporal Lobe
What part of the brain contains the prefrontal cortex and the precentral gyrus?
Frontal Lobe
What is also known as the primary motor cortex and is responsible for the control of fine motor movement?
Precentral Gyrus
What is the integration center for all sensory information and other areas of the cortex? It is also responsible for higher functions such as abstract thinking and planning, responsible for our ability to remember recent events and information, and allows for regulation of impulsive behaviors and the control of more complex behaviors.
Prefrontal Cortex
Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between _____ and _____ nm (a nanometer, nm, is one-billionth of a meter) is visible to us.
380 and 760 Nanometers
The perceived color of light is determined by what three dimensions?
Hue, Saturation, Brightness
How fast does light travel?
Approximately 300,000 kilometers per second
If the _____ of oscillation of the wave varies, the distance between the peaks of the waves will vary similarly, but in inverse fashion.
Frequency
What aspect of light is determined by wavelength?
Hue
What aspect of light is determined by the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation?
Brightness
What aspect of light is determined by the purity of the light wave?
Saturation
What’s this?
Conjunctiva
What’s this?
Cornea
What’s this?
Iris
What’s this?
Pupil Opening
What’s this?
Optic Nerve
What’s this?
Blood Vessels
What’s this?
Sclera
What is the neural tissue and photoreceptive cells located on the inner surface of the posterior portion of the eye?
Retina
What is one of the receptor cells of the retina; transduces photic energy into electrical potentials?
Photoreceptor
What are the photoreceptor cells of the retina, sensitive to the light of low intensity?
Rod
What are photoreceptor cells of the retina, maximally sensitive to one of three different wavelengths of light and hence encodes color vision?
Cone
What are these?
Rod and Cone
What is the region of the retina that mediates the most acute vision of birds and higher mammals? Color-sensitive cones constitute the only type of photoreceptor found in it.
Fovea
What’s this?
Fovea
What is the location of the exit point from the retina of the fibers of the ganglion cells that form the optic nerve that is responsible for the blind spot?
Optic Disc
What’s this?
Optic Disc
What is a bipolar neuron located in the middle layer of the retina, conveying information from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells?
Bipolar Cell
What is a neuron located in the retina that receives visual information from bipolar cells; its axons give rise to the optic nerve?
Ganglion Cell
What is a neuron that interconnects adjacent photoreceptors and the outer processes of the bipolar cells?
Horizontal Cell
What is a neuron in the retina that interconnects adjacent ganglion cells and the inner processes of the bipolar cells?
Amacrine Cell
What is a protein dye bonded to retinal, a substance derived from Vitamin A; responsible for transduction of visual information?
Photopigment
What is a class of protein that, together with retinal, constitutes the photopigments?
Opsin
What is a chemical synthesized from Vitamin A that joins with an opsin to form a photopigment?
Retinal
What is a particular opsin found in rods?
Rhodopsin
What’s this?
Optic Nerve
What’s this?
Primary Visual Cortex
What’s this?
Optic Chiasma
What’s this?
Retina
What’s this?
Optic Nerve
What’s this?
Cerebrum
What’s this?
Optic Tract
What’s this?
Lateral Geniculate Body
What’s this?
Optic Radiation
What’s this?
Visual Cortex
What is a cross-shaped connection between the optic nerves, located below the base of the brain, just anterior to the pituitary gland?
Optic Chiasm
What is a group of cell bodies within the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus; receives inputs from the retina and projects to the primary visual cortex?
Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
What is the portion of the visuals field in which the presentation of visual stimuli will produce an alteration in the firing rate of a particular neuron?
Receptive field
What are these?
Photoreceptors
What are these?
Bipolar Cells
What are these?
Ganglion Cells
For convenience, the short, medium, and long wavelength cones are traditionally called _____, _____, and _____ cones, respectively.
Blue, Green, Red
What is an inherited form of defective color vision in which red and green hues are confused; “red” cones are filled with “green” cone opsin?
Protanopia
What is an inherited form of defective color vision in which red and green hues are confused; “Green” cones are filled with “red” cone opsin?
Deuteranopia
What is an inherited form of defective color vision in which hues with short wavelengths are confused; “Blue” cones are either lacking or faulty?
Tritanopia
