Biopsychological Interventions - SPSY 6317 Flashcards
What is the primary focus of psychopharmacology in mental health treatment?
medications
Which theory had the dominant influence in psychiatry in the 1920s?
psychodynamic
Who developed the first systematic nosologic system for diagnosing mental disorders?
Emil Kraepelin
Which neurologist believed that hysterical symptoms were linked to central nervous system lesions?
Jean-Martin Charcot
What infection caused psychotic-organic brain syndrome, treatable by penicillin?
syphilis
What psychiatric treatment involves the removal or severing of parts of the prefrontal cortex?
lobotomy
Which drug was the first to significantly reduce symptoms of psychosis in the 1950s?
Thorazine
Known for its calming effects, leading to its use in treating schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
What class of medication was developed to treat anxiety and agitation in the 1950s?
minor tranquilizers
Which type of chemicals are responsible for transmitting signals between nerve cells in the brain?
neurotransmitters
What is the name of the hypothesis that attributes depression to a chemical imbalance in the brain?
monoamine hypothesis
What was the compound initially labeled as #4560 RR, later known as a breakthrough medication for psychosis?
Thorazine
What type of medication, introduced in the 1950s, is primarily used to treat depressive symptoms?
tricyclic antidepressants
Which field of study contributed to the understanding that some mental illnesses have a genetic component?
genetics
What medication is commonly used to treat bipolar disorder?
lithium
Notable for stabilizing mood and preventing manic episodes.
What term was used in the 1970s to describe psychiatric medications as a method of control?
chemical straitjacket
What is the name of the drug used to treat ADHD, which faced media criticism in the 1980s?
Ritalin
Which neuroimaging technique allows scientists to observe brain activity related to mental disorders?
PET scans
Uses a radioactive tracer to visualize brain metabolism.
What scientific concept suggests that neurotransmitter dysfunction could contribute to certain mental disorders?
biochemical etiology
What term refers to the combination of both psychotherapy and medication for treating mental health disorders?
integrated treatment
What type of psychiatric disorder often requires medication for effective treatment?
schizophrenia
Characterized by persistent delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking.
What is the primary focus of biological psychiatry in understanding mental disorders?
biology
Which model, focusing on psychological factors, was heavily debated alongside biological models in the mid-20th century?
psychodynamic
What term refers to the systematic classification of diseases in the medical field, first developed by Emil Kraepelin?
nosology
Which neurologist hypothesized that hysterical symptoms were due to central nervous system lesions and was a pioneer in neurology?
Jean-Martin Charcot
What bacteria, causing a central nervous system infection, was found to lead to psychotic-organic brain syndrome, which involved cognitive decline and psychosis in the late 19th century?
Treponema pallidum
What term refers to the influence of biological factors on psychological functioning, as explored in early biological psychiatry?
biological factors
What drug was first discovered in the 1950s, initially for surgical shock, and later found to be effective in treating schizophrenia?
Thorazine
What is the name of the first tricyclic antidepressant developed in the 1950s, which was initially used to treat schizophrenia but was later found to be more effective for depression?
imipramine
What term is used to describe the neurochemical substances responsible for transmitting messages between nerve cells in the brain?
neurotransmitters
What is the term for the hypothesis that suggests depression is caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine?
monoamine hypothesis
What term refers to the method of studying the human brain by observing its metabolic activity, often through techniques like PET and SPECT scans?
neuroimaging
What was the first MAO inhibitor developed in the early 1950s, which works by inhibiting the enzyme monoamine oxidase to increase levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine?
iproniazid
What theory suggests that mental illnesses can be attributed to genetic predispositions, as supported by twin and family studies?
genetic theory
Which medication, originally used as a sedative, was later used to treat bipolar disorder by stabilizing mood and preventing manic episodes?
lithium
What disorder, known for extreme mood swings, was treated with the first tricyclic antidepressants developed in the 1950s?
bipolar disorder
What psychotropic medication class, developed in the 1950s, helped to address anxiety and was later replaced by benzodiazepines?
minor tranquilizers
What is the term for the theory suggesting that some mental illnesses are the result of abnormal chemical activity in the brain, which can be influenced by drugs?
biochemical etiology
What is the name of the process in which medications reduce psychiatric symptoms by altering neurotransmitter function?
pharmacodynamics
What type of therapy, often combined with medication treatment, focuses on addressing the psychological factors contributing to mental health issues?
psychotherapy
What is the primary concern when medications are prescribed without a thorough understanding of the underlying psychological factors?
overmedication
Who proposed the Biopsychosocial Model as an alternative to the reductionist biomedical model in 1977?
George Engel
What term refers to the framework that integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding health and illness?
biopsychosocial model
What is the term used to describe the complex interaction of various levels of an organism and its socio-cultural context in the Biopsychosocial Model?
General Systems Theory
Which model, originating in the early 20th century, emphasized the separation of the mind and body and was later critiqued by the Biopsychosocial Model?
Cartesian dualism
What is the name of the syndrome proposed by endocrinologist Hans Selye, which highlights the role of psychological stress in affecting physiological systems?
General Adaptation Syndrome
Which neurologist coined the term ‘biopsychosocial’ in the 1950s, emphasizing biological factors in mental symptoms?
Roy Grinker
What is the concept that suggests mental and physical health cannot be reduced solely to biological causes, but must consider psychological and social dimensions?
biopsychosocial perspective
Which psychological theory emphasizes the integration of mental and physical health and was critiqued for being overly focused on reducing illnesses to biological explanations?
biomedical model
What term refers to the inherited susceptibility or genetic factors that contribute to the development of mental disorders?
genetic vulnerability
What concept suggests that biological disorders, like schizophrenia, may have a genetic component and can be observed in family studies?
heritability
What is the term for the brain abnormalities often associated with schizophrenia, such as enlarged ventricles and reduced gray matter volume?
neuroanatomical abnormalities
Which neurotransmitter system is most commonly associated with the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, particularly its positive symptoms?
dopamine system
What environmental factor is linked to an increased risk of developing schizophrenia, particularly in urban areas?
social fragmentation
What is the name of the process by which environmental factors such as childhood trauma can lead to lasting genetic changes, potentially contributing to psychiatric disorders?
epigenetics
Which model in psychiatric research explores how environmental factors, such as stress, interact with genetic predispositions to produce mental disorders?
stress-diathesis model
What type of imaging technique is commonly used to measure cerebral blood flow in the study of schizophrenia?
PET scans
What is the term for the approach that combines biological treatments like antipsychotic medications with psychosocial interventions to improve patient outcomes in mental health?
integrated treatment
Which psychiatric disorder is used in the chapter as an example to illustrate the Biopsychosocial Model in understanding mental health?
schizophrenia
What research project has played a significant role in developing and disseminating evidence-based psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia?
PORT project
What is the term for therapeutic methods that aim to improve the social and occupational functioning of individuals with severe mental illness, like schizophrenia?
psychosocial interventions
Which ancient medical practice involved drilling or scraping holes in the skull to treat mental health disorders?
Trepanation
What pseudoscientific theory from the 18th and 19th centuries studied the shape and bumps on the skull to predict personality traits?
Phrenology
Which scientist demonstrated the chemical transmission of nerve impulses through his famous frog heart experiment?
Otto Loewi
Which drug, discovered in 1949, became the first effective treatment for bipolar disorder?
Lithium
Which class of medications, introduced in the 1950s, helped revolutionize the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders?
Antipsychotics
What class of medications, developed in the 1980s, works by increasing serotonin levels in the brain to treat depression?
SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)
What percentage of psychiatric research is funded by pharmaceutical companies?
75%
Which non-invasive biotherapy uses electromagnetic pulses to treat depression?
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
What non-invasive treatment method uses electrical currents to stimulate brain areas involved in mood regulation?
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)
What therapeutic method helps individuals regulate their brain activity through real-time monitoring of brainwaves?
Neurofeedback
What are the primary benefits of non-invasive biotherapies like TMS, tDCS, and Neurofeedback?
Fewer systemic side effects
Which type of depression is most often treated with non-invasive biotherapies?
Treatment-resistant depression
Why is it critical for consumers to critically evaluate the research on psychiatric treatments?
Conflicts of interest
What model in health service psychology integrates biological, psychological, and social factors to explain mental health?
Biopsychosocial
What term describes the study of how environmental factors can influence gene expression, impacting mental health outcomes?
Epigenetics
Which diagnostic manual provides standardized criteria for mental health disorders like Major Depressive Disorder?
DSM-5
What is the formal term for an observable sign of a condition, such as sadness or fatigue, that can be subjective or objective?
Symptom
What is the subjective experience of being unwell, which may include physical, psychological, or social impacts?
Illness
What term describes a diagnosable mental health condition with defined criteria, typically outlined in manuals like the DSM-5 or ICD-10?
Disorder
What is the belief that taking psychiatric medication signifies weakness or a personal failing?
Stigma
Which psychological disorder is associated with rigid adherence to medication routines and anxiety over precise timing and dosage?
Obsessive-Compulsive (OCD)
Which personality type may resist psychiatric treatment due to distrust of medications and healthcare providers?
Paranoid
Which personality type often sees minor medication side effects as catastrophic, leading to frequent discontinuation of treatment?
Depressed
What is the term for a society that emphasizes personal autonomy and individual decision-making in healthcare, such as the U.S. and Western Europe?
Individualistic
What is the term for a society where family plays a central role in health decisions and mental health conditions may carry social stigma, such as in East Asia and Latin America?
Collectivistic
Which type of country has greater access to psychiatric medications, evidence-based treatments, and healthcare infrastructure?
Developed
What type of health determinant includes factors like socioeconomic status, relationships, and cultural norms that impact mental well-being?
Social
What psychological intervention focuses on modifying maladaptive thoughts and behaviors to improve mental health?
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
What term describes the chronic psychological and physiological impact of prolonged exposure to high-stress environments?
Stress
What type of professional team includes psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and medical doctors working together to treat mental health conditions?
Interdisciplinary
What is one major criticism of the Biopsychosocial Model, relating to its broad scope and application?
Lack of specificity
What term refers to ensuring that mental health treatments are respectful of and adapted to different cultural backgrounds?
Cultural competence
What is the fundamental unit of communication in the nervous system, responsible for transmitting electrical and chemical signals?
Neuron
What are the branch-like structures on a neuron that receive incoming signals from other neurons?
Dendrites
What are the small protrusions on dendrites that increase the surface area for synaptic connections?
Dendritic spines
What is the name of the gap between neurons where neurotransmitter communication occurs?
Synapse
What is the term for the rapid electrical impulse that travels along a neuron’s axon to trigger neurotransmitter release?
Action potential
What structures in the axon terminals store and release neurotransmitters into the synapse?
Vesicles
What type of neuron is responsible for releasing neurotransmitters into the synapse?
Presynaptic neuron
What is the process by which neurotransmitters are absorbed back into the presynaptic neuron after being released?
Reuptake
What type of protein assists in neurotransmitter reabsorption by transporting them back into the presynaptic neuron?
Transporter pump
What type of chemical messengers modulate neurotransmitter effects and play a role in regulating brain function?
Neuromodulators
What class of neurotransmitters includes serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, which are essential for mood and behavior regulation?
Biogenic amines
What is the name of the neurotransmitter receptor type that directly opens or closes ion channels, producing fast responses?
Ionic receptor
What type of receptor operates through a second messenger system, producing slower but longer-lasting effects?
Metabotropic receptor
What process occurs when receptor sensitivity increases in response to low neurotransmitter levels?
Upregulation
What process occurs when receptor sensitivity decreases due to excessive neurotransmitter levels?
Downregulation
What brain structure regulates homeostasis by controlling hunger, thirst, and hormonal balance?
Hypothalamus
What part of the brain is often referred to as the ‘emotional brain’ and plays a crucial role in processing emotions and memory?
Limbic system
What system is responsible for the body’s automatic reaction to stress, activating the fight-or-flight response?
Autonomic nervous system
What term describes the process of programmed cell death that can occur in neurodegenerative diseases?
Apoptosis
What class of medications, including SSRIs, works by blocking the reuptake of serotonin to enhance its effects on mood regulation?
Antidepressants
What part of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord and is responsible for processing and interpreting sensory information?
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Which division of the nervous system gathers sensory input and sends motor commands to the body?
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system activates the ‘fight-or-flight’ response in response to danger or stress?
Sympathetic Nervous System
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system promotes ‘rest and digest’ functions, slowing heart rate and increasing digestion?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
What is the name of the part of the nervous system responsible for voluntary muscle movement and sensory processing?
Somatic Nervous System
What is the primary type of cell in the nervous system that transmits and processes information through electrical and chemical signals?
Neuron
Which part of a neuron receives incoming signals from other neurons?
Dendrites
Which part of a neuron transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body toward other neurons or muscles?
Axon
What fatty substance insulates axons and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses?
Myelin Sheath
What is the name of the junction between two neurons where communication occurs?
Synapse
What is the resting electrical charge of a neuron, typically measured at -70mV, when it is not actively sending a signal?
Resting Membrane Potential
What term describes the process where a neuron becomes more positive inside, reaching the threshold needed to fire an action potential?
Depolarization
What term refers to the brief period after a neuron fires when it cannot fire again, ensuring one-way transmission of signals?
Refractory Period
What is the term for the rapid, jumping conduction of nerve impulses along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next?
Saltatory Conduction
Which structure on a neuron is responsible for deciding whether an action potential will be generated based on excitatory and inhibitory signals?
Axon Hillock
What is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, crucial for learning and memory?
Glutamate
What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, preventing excessive neural activity and linked to anxiety regulation?
GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)
Which neurotransmitter is involved in mood regulation and is targeted by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like Prozac?
Serotonin
Which neurotransmitter is associated with reward, motivation, and movement and is affected in Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia?
Dopamine
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for activating muscles and plays a key role in learning and memory, with deficiencies linked to Alzheimer’s disease?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
What is the fundamental unit of the nervous system responsible for transmitting electrical and chemical signals?
Neuron
What is the electrical charge difference between the inside and outside of a neuron’s membrane, crucial for nerve impulse conduction?
Membrane potential
What structure in the brain selectively filters substances from the bloodstream to protect neurons from toxins?
Blood-brain barrier
What process occurs when an action potential reaches the axon terminal, leading to the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft?
Calcium influx
What term describes the process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed into the presynaptic neuron after being released?
Reuptake
Which type of receptor directly opens ion channels when a neurotransmitter binds, allowing for fast synaptic transmission?
Ionotropic receptor
Which type of receptor activates G proteins, triggering a series of intracellular signaling events instead of directly opening an ion channel?
Metabotropic receptor
What neurotransmitter is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, involved in learning and memory?
Glutamate
What neurotransmitter is the brain’s primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, preventing overexcitation of neurons?
GABA
Which neurotransmitter, primarily involved in mood regulation, is targeted by SSRIs like Prozac to treat depression and anxiety?
Serotonin
Which neurotransmitter, involved in reward, movement, and motivation, is deficient in individuals with Parkinson’s disease?
Dopamine
Which hormone, also acting as a neurotransmitter, is released by the adrenal glands to prepare the body for the ‘fight-or-flight’ response?
Epinephrine
What neurobiological condition, caused by excessive dopamine deficiency in the nigrostriatal pathway, leads to tremors, rigidity, and movement difficulties?
Parkinson’s disease
What term refers to the balance of excitatory and inhibitory signals in a neuron that determines whether it will fire an action potential?
Neural integration
What neuroendocrine system, involved in regulating the body’s response to stress, includes the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands?
HPA axis
What stress hormone, beneficial in short bursts but neurotoxic when chronically elevated, is linked to hippocampal atrophy in depression?
Cortisol
What neurotrophic protein supports neuron survival, promotes dendritic growth, and plays a role in neurogenesis and brain repair?
BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor)
What neurotransmitter abnormality, involving excessive intracellular calcium signaling, is associated with bipolar disorder and can be treated with lithium?
Hyperactive calcium signaling
What neurotransmitter, responsible for all voluntary muscle movement in the body, is also involved in REM sleep, learning, and memory?
Acetylcholine
What psychiatric condition, characterized by elevated cortisol levels, hippocampal atrophy, and persistent low mood, affects nearly 60% of individuals with hypercortisolemia?
Major depressive disorder
What term refers to the study of how drugs move through the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion?
Pharmacokinetics
What process describes how a drug enters the bloodstream after administration?
Absorption
Which factor influences absorption by determining how quickly a drug enters circulation based on the way it is taken (e.g., oral, intravenous, sublingual)?
Route of administration
What is the term for the process by which a drug is transported throughout the body after absorption?
Distribution
What biological barrier, composed of tightly packed cells, protects the brain from many foreign substances, including certain drugs?
Blood-brain barrier
What term describes the conversion of a drug into its metabolites, primarily occurring in the liver?
Biotransformation
Which enzyme system, primarily found in the liver, plays a major role in the metabolism of many drugs?
Cytochrome P450
What is the term for the time required for the concentration of a drug in the bloodstream to be reduced by 50%?
Half-life
Which pharmacokinetic process is responsible for removing a drug from the body, primarily through the kidneys?
Excretion
What term describes the point at which drug intake and elimination reach a balance, resulting in consistent therapeutic levels?
Steady state
What type of drug effect is the desired, intended therapeutic effect of a medication?
Pharmacological effect
What is the name for unintended but often predictable effects that occur alongside a drug’s intended action?
Side effects
What term describes an unusual or unexpected reaction to a drug that is unique to an individual?
Idiosyncratic effect
What type of immune response to a drug can cause severe reactions, including anaphylaxis?
Allergic reaction
What term describes the withdrawal symptoms that occur when a person abruptly stops taking a medication?
Discontinuation syndrome
What is the name for a drug interaction in which two substances work together to enhance each other’s effects?
Synergistic effect
What type of drug interaction occurs when one substance reduces or blocks the effects of another?
Antagonistic effect
What field of study examines how genetic differences affect individual responses to medications?
Pharmacogenetics
What term describes a drug that binds to a receptor and activates it, mimicking the body’s natural chemicals?
Agonist
What is the term for a drug that binds to a receptor but prevents activation, blocking the natural effect?
Antagonist
