Neuro Practical 2.1.4

Question 1

Which cranial nerves are attached directly to the brain?

Answer 1

olfactory, optic

Question 2

Which cranial nerves are attached directly to the midbrain?

Answer 2

occulomotor, trochlear

Question 3

Which cranial nerves are attached directly to the pons?

Answer 3

trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear

Question 4

Which cranial nerves are attached directly to the medulla?

Answer 4

glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

Question 5

!!!As a rule, if you know where the nerve emerges from the surface brainstem, you know where the cranial nerve nuclei are located, and vice versa. !!!

Answer 5

This is important to remember when you move on to the station on cranial nerve nuclei.

Question 6

what foramina for olfactory

Answer 6

cribiform plate

Question 7

what foramina for optic

Answer 7

optic canal

Question 8

what foramina for occulomotor

Answer 8

superior orbital fissure

Question 9

what foramina for trochlear

Answer 9

superior orbital fissure

Question 10

what foramina for trigeminal

Answer 10

opthalmic - superior orbital fissure
maxillary - foramen rotundum
mandibular - foramen ovale

Question 11

what foramina for abducens

Answer 11

superior orbital fissure

Question 12

what foramina for facial

Answer 12

internal acoustic meaturs

Question 13

what foramina for vestibulocochlear

Answer 13

internal acoustic meaturs

Question 14

what foramina for glossopharngeal

Answer 14

jugular foramen

Question 15

what foramina for vagus

Answer 15

jugular foramen

Question 16

what foramina for accessory

Answer 16

jugular foramen

Question 17

what foramina for hypoglossal

Answer 17

hypoglossal canal

Question 18

what is the most common cause of facial nerve lower motor neuron palsy?

Answer 18

Bell’s palsy

Question 19

what are the symtoms of bell’s palsy and why?

Answer 19

hyperacusis - Non-functional stapedius muscle
dry eye - Dry eye Non-functional orbicularis oculi – makes it difficult to blink or close the eye, therefore it dries out.
dribbling when eating - Loss of tone in facial muscles leads to difficulty in controlling food and fluid in the mouth (buccinator in cheek, orbicular oris).

Question 20

what nerve controls the msucles of mastication

Answer 20

mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

Question 21

what nerves control eye movement?

Answer 21

abducens, trochlear, occulomotor

Question 22

cranial nerve VI palsy

Answer 22

abducens
diplopia when looking at the side ipsilateral to the palsy, affects lateral rectus

Question 23

cranial nerve IV palsy

Answer 23

trochlear
vertical diplopia, particularly noticeable on down gaze
affects superior oblique

Question 24

cranial nerve III palsy

Answer 24

occulomotor
ptosis, when attempting to stare straight ahead the eye looks down
affects levator palpabrae superioris, inferior and medial rectus, inferior oblique

Question 25

What cranial nerve is responsible for collecting sensory information from most of the face?

Answer 25

Trigeminal nerve

Question 26

What are the three cranial nerves that contribute to general sensation at the ear?

Answer 26

vagus. facial, trigeminal

Question 27

One cranial nerve perceives general sensory information from the pharynx making up the afferent limb of the gag reflex. What nerve is this?

Answer 27

glossopharyngeal

Question 28

pathway of touch on lower eyelid

Answer 28

maxillary nerve - foramen rotundum - trigeminal ganglion - trigeminal sensory nucleus - internal capsule - cortex

Question 29

pathway of touch on eyebrow

Answer 29

Skin on eyebrow -> ophthalmic nerve -> superior orbital fissure-> trigeminal ganglion -> trigeminal sensory nucleus -> thalamus -> internal capsule -> cortex

Question 30

pathway of touch on ala of nose

Answer 30

Skin on ala of nose -> maxillary nerve -> foramen rotundum -> trigeminal ganglion -> trigeminal sensory nucleus -> thalamus -> internal capsule -> cortex

Question 31

pathway of touch on chin

Answer 31

Skin on chin -> mandibular nerve -> foramen ovale -> trigeminal ganglion -> trigeminal sensory nucleus -> thalamus -> internal capsule -> cortex

Question 32

Explain how a loss in the function of the olfactory nerve would affect taste.

Answer 32

retro-nasal olfaction

Question 33

what cranial nerve recieves smell

Answer 33

olfactory

Question 34

what cranial nerve recieves sight

Answer 34

optic

Question 35

what cranial nerve recieves taste

Answer 35

anterior 2/3 = facial chorda tympani posterior 1/3 = glossopharyngeal lingual branch

Question 36

Where do the nerves percieving vision enter the central nervous system?

Answer 36

optic chiasm

Question 37

where do the nerves percieving smell enter the central nervous system?

Answer 37

temporal lobe uncus

Question 38

what is retro-nasal olfaction?

Answer 38

the process by which odours in the oral cavity travel superiorly via the oro and nasopharynx to reach the olfactory epithelium

Question 39

What are the four cranial nerves carrying autonomic innervation? What are their target tissues?

Answer 39

occulomotor - sphincter pupillae (constricts pupil), ciliary muscle (contraction to shorten lens and focus on short range objects) facial - mucosa of the oral and nasal cavities and pharynx (produce mucous), lacrimal gland (produce tears), submandibular and sublingual glands (produce saliva) glossopharyngeal - parotid gland (produce saliva) vagus - heart (reduce resting heart rate) , gastrointestinal organs (smooth muscle contraction and secretion of digestive juices)

Question 40

important anatomy of: olfactory nerve

Answer 40

communicates directly with the uncus

Question 41

important anatomy of: optic nerve

Answer 41

susceptible to damage by pituitary tumour

Question 42

important anatomy of: oculomotor nerve

Answer 42

parasympathetics from edinger westphal nucelus

Question 43

important anatomy of: trochlear nerve

Answer 43

arises from posterior aspect of the brainstem

Question 44

important anatomy of: trigeminal nerve

Answer 44

opthamic branch - branches into nasociliary, lacrimal, and frontal nerves maxillary branch - middle branch entering the trigeminal ganglion mandibular - contains a branch wrapping around middle meningeal artery

Question 45

important anatomy of: abducens nerve

Answer 45

travels within cavernous sinus

Question 46

important anatomy of: facial nerve

Answer 46

branches within parotid gland

Question 47

important anatomy of: vestibulocochlear

Answer 47

branches into two separate nerves in the auditory canal

Question 48

important anatomy of:glossopharyngeal nerve

Answer 48

passes via the otic ganglion to reach the parotid gland

Question 49

important anatomy of: vagus nerve

Answer 49

one of the branches on the left side travels under aortic arch

Question 50

important anatomy of: accessory nerve

Answer 50

some branches travel into the cranial cavity via foramen magnum

Question 51

important anatomy of: hypoglossal nerve

Answer 51

emerges from the brainstem between the pyramid and the olive

Question 52

function of: olfactory

Answer 52

smell

Question 53

function of: optic

Answer 53

vision

Question 54

function of: occulomotor

Answer 54

moves eyeball, pupillary light reflex

Question 55

function of: trochlear nerve

Answer 55

moves eyeball

Question 56

function of: trigeminal nerve

Answer 56

opthalmic - sensation from the face above eyelids maxillary - sensation from the face between the eyes and mouth mandible - innervates muscles of mastication, sensation from the face below the mout h

Question 57

function of: abducens nerve

Answer 57

moves eyeball laterally

Question 58

function of: facial nerve

Answer 58

innervates muscles of facial expression, taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue, lacrimation and salivation

Question 59

function of: vestibulocochlear

Answer 59

hearing

Question 60

function of glossopharhyngeal

Answer 60

records info at carotid body baroreceptors, taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue, general sensation from pharynx, salivation at parotid gland

Question 61

function of: vagus nerve

Answer 61

innervates muscles of larynx, innervates muscles of soft pallate, autonomic innervation to the thorax, autonomic innervation to the abdomen, innervates pharyngeal constrictors

Question 62

function of: accessory nerve

Answer 62

lateral flexion of the neck