Head and Neck Practical 1.1.4

Question 1

what is the action of nasalis transverse part

Answer 1

compresses the nares

Question 2

what is the action of procerus

Answer 2

pulls the eyebrows down

Question 3

what is the action of zygomaticus major

Answer 3

draws angle of mouth superiorly

Question 4

what is the action of buccinator

Answer 4

pulls the cheek inward

Question 5

what is the action of levator labii superioris

Answer 5

elevates the upper limb

Question 6

what nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?

Answer 6

facial nerve VII, which passes through the internal acoustic meatus

Question 7

what are the divisions of the facial nerve and where do they arise from?

Answer 7

temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical - parotid gland

Question 8

what is the action of the temporalis (horizontal fibres)

Answer 8

retracts mandible

Question 9

what is the action of the masseter?

Answer 9

elevates mandible

Question 10

what is the action of the lateral ptyergoid

Answer 10

depresses mandible

Question 11

what is the action of the medial ptyerfoi

Answer 11

elevates

Question 12

what nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?

Answer 12

CNV3 trigeminal nerve - mandibular branch

Question 13

What foramen does the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve pass through?

Answer 13

the foramen ovale

Question 14

what nerve supplies the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid?

Answer 14

accessory nerve CNXI

Question 15

how would you test cranial nerve 11

Answer 15

shrug shoulders and rotate head against resistance

Question 16

what is the action of the platysma?

Answer 16

depresses mandible and angle of mouth

Question 17

what is the action of the trapezius

Answer 17

elevates the scapula, retracts the scapula, depresses the scapula, rotates the scapula

Question 18

what is the action of the sternocleidomastoid

Answer 18

cervical rotation and flexion

Question 19

What is different about the origin of the left and right common carotid arteries?

Answer 19

The left common carotid (typically) emerges immediately from the arch of the aorta, whereas the right common carotid arises from the brachiocephalic/innominate artery, an intermediate branch between the arch of aorta and right common carotid.

Question 20

At which vertebral level do the common carotids bifurcate?

Answer 20

C3/C4

Question 21

Which vessel (internal carotid or external carotid) supplies structures within the neck and face?

Answer 21

external

Question 22

where does the internal jugular vein begin?

Answer 22

As a continuation of the sigmoid sinus, at the jugular foramen.

Question 23

Which structures can be found within the carotid sheath with the internal jugular vein?

Answer 23

Common carotid artery and vagus nerve

Question 24

Where do the internal jugular veins drain to? Is this the same on both sides?

Answer 24

Left and right brachiocephalic veins respectively (it unites with its respective subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic)`

Question 25

Which specialised system drains venous blood from the brain and meninges back towards the internal jugular veins?

Answer 25

Internal dural venous system

Question 26

What specialised and prominent structures arising from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity assist with filtering, heating and moistening the air?

Answer 26

Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior)

Question 27

Which structures form the nasal septum?

Answer 27

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer, and nasal septal cartilage

Question 28

What are the names of the paranasal sinuses? (These drain into the nasal cavity).

Answer 28

Maxillary, frontal, sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses

Question 29

Boundaries of oral cavity:

Answer 29

Roof = Hard and soft palates Walls = Buccinator muscles, lined by oral mucosa Floor = Muscular diaphragm (mylohyoid muscles) and tongue

Question 30

At which point do the nasal cavities and oral cavity become continuous?

Answer 30

Nasopharynx

Question 31

What is Waldeyer’s ring and which structures associated with this can be found within the oral cavity?

Answer 31

A ring of lymphoid tissue found in the throat, consisting of pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), tubal tonsils, palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils. The palatine and lingual tonsils can be found in the oral cavity.

Question 32

what is the start and end of the nasopharynx?

Answer 32

base of sphenoid sinus - soft palate

Question 33

what is the start and end of the oropharynx?

Answer 33

tip of soft palate - tip of epiglottis

Question 34

what is the start and end of the laryngopharynx

Answer 34

tip of epiglottis - inferior border of cricoid cartillage

Question 35

what is the action of the constrictor muscles?

Answer 35

decrease the diameter of the pharynx and propel food along the pharynx towards the oesophagus.

Question 36

what is the action of the longitudinal muscles?

Answer 36

stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus,palatopharyngeus = `responsible for shortening and widening the pharynx during swallowing, and elevation of the larynx during swallowing.

Question 37

Note the position of the larynx within the neck – at what vertebral level does it lie?

Answer 37

c3-c7

Question 38

Identify the thyrohyoid membrane. Which structures does this ligament run between?

Answer 38

Thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone

Question 39

Identify the cricothyroid ligaments. Which two structures does these ligaments run between?

Answer 39

Cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage

Question 40

What is the action of the cricothyroid muscle and how does this effect phonation?

Answer 40

Action = Tension and elongation of the vocal folds – results in higher pitch phonation

Question 41

What are the notable differences in the course of the vagus nerve between the left and right sides of the neck?

Answer 41

The vagus nerve travels bilaterally down the neck, within the carotid sheath. On the left-hand side, the nerve descends into the thorax and gives off the recurrent laryngeal nerve after coursing around the arch of aorta. On the right-hand side, the vagus nerve courses around the right subclavian artery before giving rise to the recurrent laryngeal nerve.