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Histo and Neuro > NEURO: Intro to Nervous System > Flashcards

NEURO: Intro to Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

How is the nervous system divided?

A

PNS and CNS

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2
Q

What is the function of the PNS

A

Conduct impulses to or away from the CNS

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3
Q

What is the function of the CNS

A

Integrate & coordinate incoming and outgoing neural signals Carry higher mental functions

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4
Q

Where is the gray matter found?

A

In the cortical layer (cortex) on the surface of the forebrain and cerebellum

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5
Q

What are tracts?

A

A bundle of axons traveling from one are to another within the CNS. In the PNS axon bundles are called a nerve.

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6
Q

What are the main fissures?

A

Longitudinal
Central sulcus of Roland
Lateral or Sylvian fissure
Parietooccipital fissure

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7
Q

What are the main sulcus?

A

Cingulate sulcus
Paracentral sulcus
Central sulcus (Roland)
Marginal sulcus
Parietooccipital sulcus
Calcarine sulcus

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8
Q

How is the forebrain divided?

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon

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9
Q

How is the diencephalon divided?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus

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10
Q

How is the hindbrain divided?

A

Metencephalon and medulla

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11
Q

What is the primary motor cortex gyrus of contralateral voluntary movements?

A

Precentral gyrus

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12
Q

What is the primary somatic sensory cortex gyrus?

A

Postcentral gyrus

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13
Q

Which lobe is the primary motor cortex controling voluntary movements?

A

Frontal lobe

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14
Q

What is Broca’s area?

A

Production of written and spoken language, primarily in the dominant (typically left)

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15
Q

What cortex is in charge of processing intellectual and emotional events?

A

Prefrontal cortex

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16
Q

Which lobes is important in regulating somatosensory, language and spatial orientation functions?

A

Parietal lobe

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17
Q

Which cortex and gyrus process tactile and pain information form parts of the body?

A

Somatosensory cortex, postcentral gyrus

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18
Q

Which lobe is important for processing auditory information (Primary auditory cortex), language, and certain complex functions?

A

Temporal lobe

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19
Q

Which lobe is involved in processing visual information. Visual association areas surround it and mediate the ability to see and recognize objects?

A

Occipital lobe

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20
Q

A portion of neocortex covered by portions of frontal, parietal and temporal lobes is called:

A

Insula (Island of Reil)

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21
Q

What is the insula’s cortex function?

A

Receives nociceptive and viscerosensory input

Loss of addictive behaviors

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22
Q

A ring of cortex in the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes that contributes to “this” lobe, however, it is NOT a true lobe: modulates memory, learning and behavior

A

Limbic lobe

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23
Q

What are limbic structures?

A

Amygadala, hippocampus, stria terminalis

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24
Q

Play a central role in a number of neurological conditions such as:
• Parkinson
• Obsessive Compulsive Behavior (OCD)

Routine, habit behaviors

A

Basal ganglia

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25
Q

Bounded anteriorly by the anterior commissure, a fiber bundle containing many olfactory and temporal lobe fibers and posteriorly by the posterior commissure

A

Diencephalon

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26
Q

hypothalamus plays a role in limbic system by:

A

coordinating and integrating endocrine, autonomic and homeostatic functions. It regulates temperature, endocrine functions, feeding, drinking, emotional & sexual behaviors:

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27
Q

A critical “station” that process all sensory information (except for olfaction) on its way to the cortex:

A

Thalamus ‘gatekeeper’

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28
Q

Provides the conduit by which all ascending and descending information travel to the brain from the spinal cord and viceversa:

A

Brainstem

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29
Q

Cavities within each hemisphere that contains cerebrospinal fluid:

A

Ventricles

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30
Q

Order of brain ventricular system:

A

Lateral ventricle - interventricular foramen - 3rd - aqueduct - 4th

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31
Q

CSF circulation:

A

choroid plexus - ventricles - foramen of luschka and magendie - central canal - subarachnoid space

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32
Q

Which nuerons are glutamatergic and project axons from the dorsal and intermediate gray horn to the thalamus, brainstem or cerebellum?

A

Second-order sensory neurons

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33
Q

Which neurons located in the ventral horn and project to skeletal muscle?

A

Cholinergic motor neurons(Ach)

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34
Q

Which neurons are located in the intermediate gray matter and project to autonomic ganglia?

A

Cholinergic autonomic preganglionic neurons

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35
Q

Which neurons Integrate segmental activity that controls spinal sensory processing & motor and autonomic outputs?

A

Interneurons

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36
Q

Inhibitory interneurons are:

A

GABAergic or glycinergic

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37
Q

Excitatory neurons are:

A

glutamatergic

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38
Q

Which nuerons axons remain on ipsilateral (same side) gray matter within a cord segment?

A

Local neurons

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39
Q

Which neurons axons cross midline to terminate in contralateral (opposite side) gray matter?

A

Commisural neurons

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40
Q

Which neurons axons project rostrally (superiorly) or caudally (inferiorly) in surrounding white matter for several segments before terminating in gray matter?

A

Propriospinal neurons

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41
Q

The spinal gray matter at each level is divided into 10 cell layers, or____ , on the basis of neuronal size, cell density, staining characteristics, and input and outputs

A

Rexed laminae

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42
Q

Which nucleus is:
found at all cord levels (in lamina I)
associated with light touch, pain and temperature sensations
contains somas of 2nd-order sensory neurons that project to the thalamus

A

Dorsomarginal nucleus

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43
Q

Which nucleus is found at all cord levels (mostly in lamina II)
associated with light touch, pain and temperature sensations
contains somas of 2nd-order sensory local interneurons that integrate inputs from incoming primary sensory neurons

A

Substantia Gelatinosa

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44
Q

Which nucleus is found at all cord levels (mostly in laminas III & IV)
associated with light touch, pain & temperature sensations
contains somas of 2nd-order sensory neurons that project to the thalamus

A

Nucleus Propius (proper sensory nucleus)

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45
Q

Which nucleus is found at spinal levels (C8)T1-L2 (L3), at the base of dorsal horn or the intermediate gray matter
associated with unconscious proprioception (muscle spindles & golgi tendon organs)
contains somas of 2nd-order sensory neurons that project to the cerebellum

A

Nucleus Dorsalis of Clarke

46
Q

Which nucleus is found at spinal levels T1-L3
contains somas of preganglionic sympathetic motor neurons (GVE) that project to sympathetic ganglia
contains, at T1-T2, the ciliospinal nucleus (center of Budge), source of sympathetic innervation of the eye

A

Intermediolateral Nucleus

47
Q

Which nucleus is found at all spinal levels, include nuclei for specific motor
nerves, such as the: spinal acc nucleus and phrenic nucleus

A

Somatic Motor Nuclei

48
Q

More ___ nuclei (in ventral horn) innervate extensor muscles

A

Ventral

49
Q

More ____ nuclei (in ventral horn) innervate flexor muscles

A

Dorsal

50
Q

___ nuclei innervate appendicular (extremities) or distal musculature

A

Lateral

51
Q

____ nuclei innervate axial or trunk musculature

A

Medial

52
Q

Which nuclei is found at spinal levels S2-S4
contains cell bodies of preganglionic parasympathetic motor neurons (GVE) that project to ganglia of the pelvic viscera

A

Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus

53
Q

Which laminae contains projection neurons that send axons across midline in ventral spinal commissure to ascend contralaterally towards thalamus, cerebellum & brainstem. Some neurons project ipsilaterally.

A

Laminae I, III, IV and V

54
Q

Which lamina contains local interneurons regulate activity of neurons in other dorsal horn laminae?

A

Lamina II

55
Q

Which laminae contain various types of interneurons?

A

Laminae VI and VII

56
Q

Which laminae contains interneurons (e.g. Renshaw) and neurons that receive input from muscle afferents and fibers descending from the brainstem and cortex?

A

Lamina VIII

57
Q

Which lamina contains motor neurons that project to skeletal muscle?

A

Lamina IX

58
Q

Which is the entry zone for primary sensory afferents of the DRG?
Its axons become segregated according to fiber size and function

A

Dorsal Root Entry Zone

59
Q

Which axons are skin mechanoreceptors and muscle/tendon proprioceptors and form a medial bundle, entering the dorsal column and ending in deep laminae of dorsal horn

A

Large myelinated axons

60
Q

Which axons are for pain, temperature, visceral sensations) form a lateral bundle, the tract of Lissauer, that terminates directly in laminae I and II.

A

Small myelinated or unmyelinated axons

61
Q

Which are the ascending pathways?

A

} Fasciculus Gracillis
} Fasciculus Cuneatus
} Spinocerebellar tracts (D & V)
} Spinothalamic tracts (L & V)

62
Q

Which are the descending pathways?

A

Corticospinal tracts (L & V)
Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract (L & M)
Tectospinal tract

63
Q

Innervates EXTRAFUSAL muscle fibers

A

Alpha (α) LMNs

64
Q

Innervates intrafusal muscle fibers

A

Gamma LMNs

65
Q

Alpha (α)-motor neurons project axons to extrafusal muscle fibers where they form a specialized synapse called the ____

A

motor end plate

66
Q

Responds to stretch/length change providing signal to CNS

A

Muscle spindles

67
Q

originate at center region of intrafusal fibers

A

Ia and II sensory endings

68
Q

Innervate contractile polar ends of intrafusal fibers

A

Gamma motor neurons

69
Q

Only polar ends are contractile; central regions are non-contractile

A

Intrafusal muscle fibers

70
Q

Resist sustained contraction of a muscle to protect tendon from damage during contraction of the muscle

A

Golgi tendon reflex

71
Q

Reception of painful or noxious stimulus results in contraction of ____ muscles on same side

A

flexor

72
Q

Excitation of motor neurons innervating CONTRALATERAL ___ muscles

A

extensor

73
Q

Inhibition of MNs innervating CONTRALATERAL ___ muscles

A

flexor

74
Q

muscle spindles are organized in parallel with extrafusal muscle fibers, during voluntary/conscious movement it is necessary to activate:

A

alpha-gamma coactivation

75
Q

funnel shaped interruptions in myelin sheath structures of nerve fibers

A

Schmidt Lanterman incisures: SLIs

in schwann cells

76
Q

Upon Schwann cell adherence and axonal myelination

A

Sodium Channel Clustering at Nodes of Ranvier

77
Q

what pathology causes: Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

A

myelin pathology

78
Q

Chronic disease that damages the nerves in the white matter of the CNS and spinal cord.

A

multiple sclerosis

79
Q

Used as experimental model for investigation of demyelination.
• Immunopathology and neuropathology mechanisms leads to key pathological features of MS: inflammation, demyelination, axonal loss and gliosis in the CNS.

A

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE)

80
Q

Autoimmune disease: attack peripheral nerve myelin (Schwann cell myelination).

A

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

81
Q

Blood-brain barrier consists of:

A

(1) endothelial cells lining… the capillary wall with tight junctions between them.
(2) processes of astrocytes… abutting on the capillaries as perivascular end-feet.
(3) a capillary basement membrane.

82
Q

examples of endothelial cells in the BBB?

A

clauddin, occludin, jams, zo1, zo2, zo3

83
Q

Ensheathe blood vessels in the brain and are believed to provide structural integrity to the cerebral vasculature.

A

Astrocyte end feet

84
Q

Sheet-like ECM (extracellular matrix) complex beneath epithelium and endothelium.

A

Basement Membrane

85
Q

Functions of microglia:

A
  1. Immune role in CNS
  2. Maintain central homeostasis
  3. Combat disease: neuroprotective role
    (microglia>phagocytic macrophages)

polarization!!!

86
Q

M0- resting
M1-Inflammatory marker??

A

iNOS

87
Q

M2- Antiinflamatory marker

A

Arginase I

88
Q

Structures locate in the midline of the ventricular system.
Participate in biochemical signaling and cell exchange between the brain and the blood (ex. hormonal control).

A

Circumventricular Organs

89
Q

gatekeeper of neurological function

A

Claudin-5 in the BBB

90
Q

deficiency of ____ brain will not grow

A

glut-1

91
Q

brain metabolism requires:

A

glucose, fructose, lactose

92
Q

have evolved to enhance blood flow and utilization of metabolites in areas of neural activity:

A

neurovascular and neurometabolic coupling mechanisms

93
Q

blocks 20-HETE to produce more blood

A

NO-

94
Q

what is Neurovascular coupling

A

blood flow (CBF), glucose consumption and oxygen metabolism increased in localized regions of activity after neuronal stimulation.

95
Q

NEUROMETABOLIC COUPLING:
neurons use more ____
muscles use more ____

A

oxidation
glycolisis

96
Q

astrocytes prefer ___ for neuron feeding

A

lactose

97
Q

insufficient oxygenation

A

hypoxic

98
Q

insufficient blood-flow

A

ischemic

99
Q

hypoxia First result of energy depletion:

A

failure of Na and K pumps
Depolarization
Glutamate release

100
Q

Main Consequences of CNS Ischemia:

A

angiogenesis
edema
vascular permeability

101
Q

What can cross the BBB?

A

glucose, aminoacids - carrier mediated
non polar, lipid soluble - diffusion

102
Q

vomiting after chemo occurs in

A

area postrema

103
Q

what part can allow molecules in the brain to affect function?

A

circumventricular organs, no bbb

104
Q

osmotic edema and rapid death is caused by:

A

hypoxia

105
Q

The autonomic nervous system is. subdivided into:

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

106
Q

Sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) innervation of all body

A

Somatic

107
Q

The CNS responds to the external and internal world via:

A

somatic efferent and autonomic nervous sistems

108
Q

The 4 PNS ganglia:

A
  1. Dorsal Root Ganglia
  2. Sympathetic Chain Ganglia (Paravertebral)
  3. Sympathetic Prevertebral Ganglia
  4. Parasympathetic Ganglia
109
Q

The region of skin innervated by each segmental nerve is a

A

Dermatome

110
Q

CNS blood supply:

A

2 posterior spinal arteries
2 vertebral arteries
Intercostal arteries

Histo and Neuro (5 decks)

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