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Histo and Neuro > HISTO: Eye & Ear > Flashcards

HISTO: Eye & Ear Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three eyeball layers?

A

Outer fibrous layer - Corneoscleral
Middle vascular coat - Uvea
Inner layer - Retina

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2
Q

Light rays are refracted to reach the ____ cells of the retina

A

Photoreceptor

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3
Q

What 4 components alter path of the light rays?

A
  1. cornea
  2. aqueous humor
  3. lens
  4. vitreous body
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4
Q

The anterior part of the corneoscleral coat of the eye:

A

The cornea

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5
Q

Watery fluid that fills the anterior chamber (space between cornea and the iris) and the posterior chamber:

A

Aqueous humor

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6
Q

A transparent, crystalline, biconcave structure suspended from the inner surface of the ciliary body by a ring of radially oriented fibers, the zonule of Zinn:

A

Lens

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7
Q

Transparent gel substance that fills the vitreous chamber (space between the posterior surface of the lens and the neural retina):

A

Vitreous body

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8
Q

What are the parts of the Cornea?

A

External corneal epithelium
Bowman’s membrane
Stroma
Descement’s membrane
Corneal endothelium

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9
Q

DNA in corneal epithelial cells is
protected from UV light damage by:

A

Nuclear ferritin

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10
Q

Randomly oriented collagen fibrils (Type-I) Not separable from substantia propria:

A

Bowman’s membrane

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11
Q

Derived from mesenchyme from mesoderm. Continuous with developing sclera:

A

Stroma - substancia propia
No blood vessels!!

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12
Q

Derived from neural crest cells. Thick basal lamina produced by endothelium (collagen Type IV and VIII):

Hint (cornea)

A

Descement’s membrane and corneal endothelium

Regenerates

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13
Q

During an inflammatory response involving the cornea, large numbers of neutrophilic leukocytes and lymphocytes migrate from blood vessels of the _________ and penetrate the stromal lamellae.

A

Corneoscleral limbus

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14
Q

Posterior part of the fibrous layer. Dense irregular connective tissue:

A

Sclera

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15
Q

the Canal of Schlemm contains:

A

Trabecular meshwork
that merges to form for the outflow of the aqueous humor.

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16
Q

A clinical condition resulting from increased intraocular pressure over a sustained period of time.
• It can be caused by excessive secretion of aqueous humor or impedance of the drainage of aqueous humor

A

Glaucoma - causing the retinal nerve fiber layer to atrophy and ganglion cells to die

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17
Q

A characteristic finding for glaucoma:

A

enlargement of the optic cup

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18
Q

First choroidal blood vessels appear in what week?

A

15th

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19
Q

Thin brown vascular layer next to inner surface of sclera:

A

Choroid

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20
Q

What is choroids function?

A

Light absorption and blood supply

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21
Q

What are the layers of the choroid?

A

Vessel layer - loose ct
Choriocapillar layer
Bruch’s membrane - glassy, refractile layer using collagen and elastin fibrils and pigmented epithelium of retina

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22
Q

Ciliary body function?

A

Accommodation for near vision, secretion of aqueous humor

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23
Q

What muscle is included in the ciliary body?

A

Muller’s muscle (of accomodation)

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24
Q

How do contraction of these muscles accommodates for near vision?

A

Smooth muscle, circular fibers (Muller’s)

reduces tension of suspensory ligaments→
more convex→Contraction for near vision

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25
Q

Fingerlike projections towards lens:

A

Ciliary processes

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26
Q

Secretes aqueous humor:

A

Ciliary epithelium

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27
Q

Pigmented portion of ciliary epithelium can develop from:

A

Develops from outer layer of optic cup

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28
Q

Non-pigmented portion of ciliary epithelium can develop from:

A

Develops from inner layer of optic cup.
Form tight junctions!!! Blood-aqueous barrier

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29
Q

What are the parts of the iris?

A
  1. Stroma
  2. Sphincter of pupil
  3. Pupil dilator
  4. Pigment epithelium
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30
Q

Spongy layer of iris. Contains fibroblasts and melanocytes, (number affects iris color)

A

Stroma

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31
Q

Derived from neuroectoderm of optic cup. Reduces pupil diameter. It is innervated by parasympathetic nerves:

A

Sphincter of pupil

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32
Q

Opens pupil. Radially-arranged myoepithelial cells. It is under sympathetic nerve control, fibers from the superior cervical ganglion:

A

Pupil dilator

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33
Q

Increase of the pupil diameter is called:

A

mydriasis

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34
Q

Derived from the 2 layers of optic cup. Continuous with epithelium of ciliary body, retinal pigment epithelium and neural retina:

A

Pigment epithelium

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35
Q

What are the parts of the lens?

A
  1. Lens capsule
  2. Subcapsular lens epithelium
  3. Primary lens fibers
  4. Secondary lens fibers
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36
Q

• Thick basal lamina, produced by anterior lens epithelium.
• Collagen Type IV and proteoglycans

A

Lens capsule

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37
Q

• Forms from anterior wall of lens vesicle.
• Cuboidal epithelium

A

Subcapsular lens epithelium

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38
Q

• Formed by elongated columnar
cells of posterior wall of lens
vesicle. They fill the lens cavity.
• Present from birth

A

Primary lens fibers

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39
Q

• Elongated cells at rim of lens
(equatorial zone) Hexagonal
prisms filled with crystallins
• Added throughout adulthood

A

Secondary lens fibers

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40
Q

Changes with age: Loss of transparency

A

Cataract

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41
Q

It acts as a “shock absorber” that protects the fragile retina during rapid eye movement and helps to maintain the shape of the eye:

A

Vitreous body

42
Q

The vitreous body is made up of?

A

99% water (humor), proteins, hyaluronan, glycoproteins, collagen fibrils.

43
Q

Parts of the retina:

A

Inner layer of optic cup
Outer layer of optic cup

44
Q

Forms retinal pigment epithelium:

A

Outer layer of optic cup

45
Q

Forms neural retina, that includes photoreceptors and all the neurons in the retina:

A

Inner optic cup

46
Q

Separation of the ___ can cause retinal detachment

A

Intraretinal space: Is the original cavity of optic cup. It reduces but never disappears.

47
Q

Rods pigment:

A

rhopdopsin

48
Q

Cones pigment:

A

iodopsin

49
Q

The outer segments of the cones in the center of the fovea is called:

A

Foveola

50
Q

Highest density of cones cone density increases almost 200-fold
Region of highest visual acuity

A

Fovea centralis

51
Q

The phagocytosis of the photoreceptor tips, tight junctions, absorbs light and prevents reflection and glare are functions of

A

RPE (retinal pigmented epithelium)

52
Q

Physical Separation of photoreceptors from RPE cells are the basis for:

A

Retinal detachment, loss of visual

53
Q

The most common cause of blindness people over age 55:

A

ARMD - age related macular degeneration

perihperal vision unaffected

54
Q

External ear is composed of:

A

Auricle and external acoustic meatus

55
Q

The middle ear is composed of:

A

tympanic cavity, auditory ossicles, tympanic membrane, and auditory tube

56
Q

The internal ear is composed of:

A

The bony labyrinth (semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea: blue) and the membranous labyrinth (not visible)

57
Q

A complex system of interconnected cavities and canals in the petrous part of the temporal bone.

A

Bony labyrinth

58
Q

Lies within the bony labyrinth and consists of a complex system of small sacs and tubules

A

Membranous labyrinth

59
Q

The bony labyrinth consists of three connected spaces within the temporal bone:

A

● semicircular canals
● vestibule
● cochlea.

60
Q

The central space that contains the utricle and saccule of the membranous labyrinth

A

Vestibule

61
Q

3 tubes within the temporal bone that lie at right angles to each other: superior, horizontal, posterior:

A

Semicircular canals

62
Q

At the end of each canal is a dilation called:

A

ampulla

63
Q

Is a bony coiled canal, connected to the vestibule. It makes approximately 2.75 turns around a central core of bone called the modiolus:

A

Cochlea

64
Q

These two openings are located at the base of the cochlear canal:

A

A thin membrane covers the round window, and the stapes is positioned within the oval window.

65
Q

The bony labyrinth is filled with:

A

Perilymph: low K+ concentration and a high Na+ concentration

66
Q

The membranous labyrinth is filled with:

A

Endolymph: high K+ concentration and a low Na+ concentration

67
Q

The cochlear labyrinth contains the ______ within the cochlea and communicates with the saccule

A

cochlear duct

68
Q

The vestibular labyrinth contains:

A
  • Three semicircular ducts that are continuous with the utricle
  • The utricle and the saccule, which are contained in the vestibule
  • Endolymphatic duct and endolymphatic sac
69
Q

Epithelial mechanoreceptors:

A

Hair cells

70
Q

Which hair type has a base is enclosed in a chalice- like afferent nerve ending, kinocilium (9+2) and stereocilia?

A

Hair type I

71
Q

Hair cell type I actin is crosslinked by:

A

fimbrin and espin

72
Q

Which hair cell type is cylindrical and possesses several nerve terminals at its base for both afferent and efferent nerve fibers?

A

Hair cell type II

73
Q

Hair cells communicate with afferent nerve fibers through ____ synapses, a specialized type of chemical synapse.

A

ribbon synapse

74
Q

What are the 6 sensory cells of the membranous labyrinth?

A

2 maculae - head position and lineal movement
3 cristae ampullaris - angular acceletarion
spiral organ of Corti - sound receptor

75
Q

Sensory region located in the ampulla
Type I hair cells, Type II hair cells and supporting cells

A

Crista ampullaris

76
Q

Cone-shaped gelatinous protein– polysaccharide mass, known as the _____, is attached to the hair cells of each crista.

A

Cupula - projects into the lumen and is surrounded by endolymph

77
Q

Responds to angular movements of the head

A

Crista ampullaris

78
Q

Sensors of gravity and linear acceleration:

A

The maculae of the saccule and utricle
- consist of type i and ii hair cells

79
Q

The gelatinous polysaccharide material that overlies the maculae is called the:

A

otolithic membrane

80
Q

crystalline bodies of calcium carbonate and protein:

A

otoliths

81
Q

what does meineires syndrome cause:

A

Excess endolymph fluid in the endolymphatic duct

Causes severe vertigo, nausea and tinnitus (ringing in the ears) and also hearing loss.

82
Q

Cochlear duct is made up of:

A

Scala media - cochlear duct
Scala vestibuli and scala tympani
Basilar membrane

83
Q

Space within cochlear duct filled with endolymph. Contains the organ of Corti:

A

Scala media

84
Q

Specialized perilymphatic spaces surrounding cochlear duct:

A

Scala vestibuli and tympani

85
Q

Separates scala tympani from scala media. Supports organ of Corti:

A

Basilar membrane

86
Q

Separates Scala vestibuli and Scala media:

A

Reissner’s membrane =
(vestibular membrane) roof of cochlear duct.

extensive tight junctions

87
Q

the sensor of sound vibrations

A

The spiral organ of Corti

88
Q

Produces endolymph:

A

stria vascularis

89
Q

Single row along basilar membrane. 50-70 stereocilia:

A

inner hair cells

90
Q

Cylindrical shape. 3-5 rows along basilar membrane. 100-300 stereocilia arranged in ”V” shape:

A

outer hair cells

91
Q

Gelatinous, proteoglycans Overlies stereocilia of hair
cells:

A

tectorial membrane

92
Q

support hair cells:

A

Inner and outer phalangeal cells

93
Q

Steps of sound production:

A

Vibration of basilar membrane →
Moves hair cells of organ of Corti stereocilia→
Depolarization, transmitter release of bipolar neurons (spiral ganglion)

94
Q

Dysfunctions of the Vestibular System examples:

A

Viral infections and acoustic neuromas, BPPV, Ménière’s disease

95
Q

dysfunctions to the auditory system examples:

A

Sensorineural hearing impairment
Sensorineural hearing loss age-related

96
Q

what is presbycusis

A

high-frequency hearing loss

97
Q

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) causes

A

otoconia become detached from the macula of the utricle and lodge in one of the three cristae ampullaris

98
Q

initially episodes of dizziness and tinnitus (ringing in the ears) and later development of low-frequency hearing loss

A

Meneire disease

99
Q

Viral infections and acoustic neuromas can cause:

A

sensation of rotation without equilibrium (dizziness, vertigo)

100
Q

Sensorineural hearing impairment - 90% of hearing loss occurs where?

A

after injury to the auditory sensory hair cells within the internal ear, cochlear division of cranial nerve VIII, nerve pathways in the CNS, or auditory cortex

Histo and Neuro (5 decks)

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