Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histo and Neuro > HISTO: Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

HISTO: Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two principal nervous system cells?

A

Neuron and glial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the CNS consisted of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the PNS consisted of?

A

Cranial, spinal and peripheral nerves, nerve endings and ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Who wrote the neuron doctrine?

A

Ramon y Cajal: the nervous system is made up of discrete individual cells, the neurons, supported by astrocytes and by other glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Golgi’s theory?

A

It is a reticular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What staining can be used for neuronal proteins?

A

GFP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The ____ transmits impulses from the periphery

A

Dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The ____ transmits information away from the cell body

A

Axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Specialized axon terminals or contact between neurones is called:

A

Synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Type of neuron that has one axon and two dendrites:

A

Multipolar neuron
ej: motor and interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Type of neuron that has one axon and one dentrite

A

Bipolar neurons
- special senses
- retina and inner ear (vestibulocochlear nerve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Type of neuron that has one process and two axonal branches:

A

Pseudouniplar neurons
- sensory neurons CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a perinuclear cytoplasm with abundant rER and free ribosomes called?

A

a Nissl Body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Are dendrites myelinatded?

A

Usually not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is present on dendrites?

A

Dendritic spines
- involved in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where does the axon originate from?

A

The axon hillock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What organelle is present in the axon hillock?

A

Nissl bodies and Golgi cisternae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can pass through the axon hillock to the axon?

A

Microtubules, neurofilaments, mitochondria and vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The region of the axon betweenthe apex of the hillock and myelin sheath is called:

A

The AIS (axon initial segment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The axon contains specialized terminal branches with enlarged end bulb also
known as ___

A

a terminal button

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the myelin sheath made up of in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the myelin sheath made up of in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Axon length:
What type of axons may travel more than a meter to reach their effector targets, e.g. motor neurons?

A

Golgi type I neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Axon length: have very short axons e.g. many interneurons in CNS

A

Golgi type II neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is critical for functional polarity of neurons?

A

The organization of microtubules and their arrangement in axon dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which pole is directed distally away from the dendrites?

A

The (-) charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which molecular motors are preferentially involved in dendritic transport?

A

Dynein motors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Mutations in ____ have been linked to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, Huntington disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

Mutations in α- or β-tubulin and microtubule-based molecular motors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which type of transport and protein carries material from cell body to axon?

A

Anterograde - Kinesins using ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which type of transport and protein carries material from axon to cell body?

A

Retrograde and dyneins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which anterograde speeds from 0.2 to 4 mm/day carrying tubulin and actin molecules?

A

Slow anterograde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which anterograde conveys in both directions at 20 to 400 mm/day with sER, vesicvles and mitochondria?

A

Fast transport system requires ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which pathway allows toxins and viruses that enter the CNS at nerve endings?
example: Alpha herpevirus and Rabies

A

Retrograde transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Which type of synapse contains gap junctions that permits ions movements and don’t require neurotransmitters?

A

Electrical synapses

35
Q

Which type of synapse is conducted by nuerotransmitters from pre-synapstic neurons?

A

Chemical synapses

36
Q

What element is mainly characterized by presence of synaptic vesicles? SNAREs and synaptotagmin proteins aid in the binding and fusion of vesicles to plasma membrane

A

Presynaptic elements

37
Q

What component contains receptor sites where neurotransmitters interact? Forms from a portion of plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron.

A

Postsynaptic component

38
Q

Area where “Active zones” synaptic vesicles are docked and neurotransmitters are released:

A

Presynaptic density

39
Q

Area where elaborate complex of interlinked proteins serve numerous functions:

A

Postsynaptic density

40
Q

What mechanism is needed for the neurotransmitter release via porocytosis?

A

SNARE proteins, which is formed after the vesicle fuses to the presynaptic membrane

41
Q

What are excitatory transmitters that cause depolarization?

A

Glutamate prompts the influx of Na+ and Ca+

42
Q

What are inhibitory transmitters to open transmitter-gated Cl- channels and hyperpolarize?

A

GABA - makes postsynaptic membrane less conductive

43
Q

Neurotransmitters:

A

Ach - acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Dopamine
Setonin

44
Q

Which neurotransmitters binds to curare poison and blocks Na+ channels causing muscle paralysis?

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)

45
Q

Which neurotransmitter secreted in the CNS is involved in alertness, attention, reward and motivation?

A

Norepinephrine, epinephrine and Dopamine

46
Q

Which neurotransmitter functions in CNS and enteric system involved in mood, appetite and sleep?

A

Serotonin or 5-HT

  • SSRI’s antidepressants
47
Q

Loss of ___ is secreted by substancia nigra and basal ganglia.
example: Parkinson’s disease

A

Dopamine

L-dopa can treat Parkinson’s disease

48
Q

Represent accumulation of intermediate neurofilaments in association with proteins α-synuclein and ubiquitin:

A

Lewy bodies

49
Q

Non-conducting cells close to neurons are called:

A

Glia or nueroglial cells

50
Q

What are the four major types of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and ependymal cells

51
Q

Whare are the two PNS neuroglial supporting cells?

A

Schwann cells and Satellite cells

52
Q

Name some functions of the glial cells:

A
  • Physical support for neurons.
  • Insulation (myelin) to facilitate rapid conduction of action potentials.
  • Repair of neuronal injury.
  • Regulation of the internal fluid environment
  • Clearance of neurotransmitters.
53
Q

What are the two types of astrocyte cells?

A

Protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes

54
Q

These type of astrocytes reside in grey matter and have short end-feet:

A

Protoplasmic astrocytes

55
Q

These type of astrocytes are found in white matter (inner core of brain) and have fewer axons:

A

Fibrous astrocytes

56
Q

What glial cells help maintain tight junctions of capillaries that form the BBB?

A

Astrocytes

57
Q

What type of intermediate filaments do astrocytes contain?

A

GFAP - glial fibrillary acidic protein
*used for antibody staining
*most in fibrous type

58
Q

80% of primary brain tumors arise from ____

A

Fibrous astrocytomas

59
Q

Protoplasmic astrocyte feet to the basal lamina of the pia mater form ___

A

Glia limitans
*an impermeable barrier surrounding CNS (protect from outside)

60
Q

A condition created by the breakdown of BBB and tissue fluid acumulation:

A

Cerebral edema

61
Q

Formation and maintenance of
CNS myelin is a function of the _____

A

Oligodendrocytes

62
Q

Which myelin-specific proteins during myelination are important for pathogenesis of demyelination autoimmmunes diseases?

A

1 - Proteolipid protein (PLP)
2 - Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)
3 - Oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein (OMgp)

63
Q

What features helps to distinguish the CNS from the PNS?

A

The lack of supporting cells around unmyelinated axons and the absence of basal lamina material and connective tissue within the substance of the CNS

64
Q

Cells with small dark elongated nuclei, predominate in gray matter and stained with heavy metals:

A

Microglia

65
Q

Which glial cell belongs to the mononuclear phagocytotic system?

A

Microglia derived from GMP and CSF-1

66
Q

What is the main function of microglia?

A
  • Eliminates toxic debris
  • Enhances neuronal survival by the release of trophic and anti-inflammatory factors.

ej: phagocytosis and residual bodies

67
Q

Which cells form the epithelium-like lining of the fluid-filled (transport) cavities of the CNS?

A

Ependymal cells

68
Q

The apical surface of ependymal cells posses:

A

Cilia and microvilli, absorb CSF produced by the chroid plexus

69
Q

Where do Schwann cells develop from?

A

Neural crest cells

70
Q

What are the major proteins for compaction of the myelin sheath?

A

Myelin basic protein (MBP)
Neuregulin 1 (Nrg1) - growth factor
Protein 0 (P0)
Peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22)

71
Q

The thickness of the myelin sheath at myelination is determined by ____ not the Schwann cell

A

Axon diameter

72
Q

Myelin sheath thickness is regulated by a growth factor called:

A

Neuregulin 1 (Ngr1)

73
Q

The myelin between two sequential nodes of Ranvier is called an:

A

internodal segment

74
Q

The site of depolarization of the axonal membrane during nerve impulse transmission and contains clusters of high-density, voltage-gated Na+ channels

A

Node of Ranvier

75
Q

Guillan-Barre (PNS) and Multiple Sclerosis (CNS) are diseases cause by:

A

Damage to the myelin sheath (dymyelinating diseases)

76
Q

What are the three nerve connective tissue layers?

A
  1. Epineurium - dense irregular ct
  2. Perineurium - specialized ct forms BBB
  3. Endoneurium - loose ct
77
Q

Mast cells and macrophages are found within this CT to participate in nerve tissue repair:

A

Endoneurium

78
Q

Serves as a metabolically active diffusion barrier:

A

Perineurium

79
Q

Surrounds and binds nerve fascicles into a common bundle:

A

Epineurium

80
Q

Portion of a nerve fiber distal to a site of injury degenerates because of interrupted axonal transport, leads to breakdown of axonal cytoskeleton known as:

A

Anterograde Wallerian degeneration

81
Q

Transcription factor involved in early as well as later stages of nerve regeneration:

A

C-jun

82
Q

In a response to neuron injury Nissl bodies disappear in a process called:

A

Chromatolysis

83
Q

Proliferated Schwann cells form cellular ______ that are penetrated by the growing axonal sprouts

A

Cords of Bugner

84
Q

The most important cells in clearing myelin debris from the site of nerve injury are:

A

Monocyte-derived macrophages

Histo and Neuro (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions