CC: Epithelium, CT, Skin Flashcards
Celiac Disease autoimmune disease is caused by failure of the permeability layer of _______
Zonula occludens (caused by some microbes and toxins)
Where is an entry point for virus binding Hep C, Coxsackie B, Rotavirus, West Nile, Dengue?
Zonula Occludens virus binding as an entry point
Where can a virus disruption in the nectin-actin protein complex entry occur? Example: Measles virus
Zonula adherens
Mutation in ___ is associated with non-syndromic congenital deafness.
Mutations in Connexin-26 (Cx26)
Which proteins have been associated with inherited cataracts?
Connexins-46 and Connexin-50
What specialized junction can cause Skin blistering: Bulbous Pemphigoid
Hemidesmosome: Collagen XVII fails in attachment to antibodies
Affects especially BP230
Conversion of one type epithelium to another type which occurs under some conditions of stress to the epithelium such as excess abrasion or chronic infections:
- Columnar to squamous
- Squamous to columnar can occur as in Barrett esophagus
Metaplasia in Epithelial Cells
What is a subtype of Epithelial Cancer?
Adenocarcinomas (adenomas) are a subtype of the carcinomas which occur in glandular tissue of organs like the colon, prostate, and breast
Intermediate filament composition changes from cytokeratin-containing intermediate filaments to vimentin-containing intermediate filaments during:
The Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)
breakdown of desmosomal and hemidesmosomal junctions motile and metastatic of breast nd prostate cancer cells
Single endocrine cells interspersed in epithelium of different origin (neural crest) than epithelium.
Diffuse Neuroendocrine System (DNES)
Which Gland is Ductless?
Endocrine Glands
Endocrine, Paracrine, Autocrine
Ducts are simple or compound
Exocrine Glands
Tulular, Alveolar (acinar)
A defective synthesis of collagen due to lack of vitamin C and iron as cofactors for hydroxilation of ____ and _____ in collagen synthesis.
Example: Scurvy
proline and lysine
What type of collagen is affected?
Osteogenesis imperfecta: easily fractured brittle bones, abnormal teeth, weak tendons, blue sclera, hearing loss
Defects in type I collagen
Bones
What protein family defect is causing Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes?
Collagen molecule synthesis
What collagen type affects Classical Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome?
Defects in collagen type V
It illustrates that the involvement of type V collagen in formation of type I collagen fibrils may be important!!
What collagen type affects Vascular Ehlers-Danlos (one of the most severe)
Characterized by ruptures of walls of major tubes in vascular and gastrointestinal tract.
Defects in collagen type III.
What collagen is defective in Vascular Ehlers-Danlos (one of the most severe)?
Defects in collagen type III.
Characterized by ruptures of walls of major tubes in vascular and gastrointestinal tract.
What type of CT fiber affects
Marfan’s syndrome: Fragile vascular walls which can lead to early death?
Elastic fibers
Wrinkles and photoaging of the skin is a decrease of what collagen?
Decreases in production of type I and type III collagens and faulty collagen fibers due to defects in crosslinking of the collagen.
Number of elastic fibers decreases but in addition with photo-aging there is an abnormal increase in diameter and stiffness of the remaining defective fibers
Continued Remodeling of ______ causes hypertrophic scar formation, resulting in excessive connective tissue contracture.
Palmar fibromatosis (Dupuytren’s disease)
Myofibroblast
In which the immune system activation over-reacts often resulting in immune system action which may be detrimental to the body
Hypersensitivity reactions Type I: MAST CELLS
This immune system normally requires a longer time for response and requires the synthesis of immunoglobulin antibodies or the production of cytotoxic t-lymphocytes
Adaptive immune system
Which proteins are resistant to antihistamines and thus anti-histamine therapy will not entirely relieve allergenic responses (similar to histamine)
Leukotrienes
Mast cell degranulation can result in the following immediate hypersensitivity reactions
Hay fever
Asthma
Anaphylactic shock
Macrophages may fuse to give giant multinucleated cells called ______
Clinically important at the surface of biopolymer implants , stents, pins and other surgical implants where they may attempt to destroy the implants
Foreign Body Giant Cells
Can form large masses of cells known as granulomas
A family of proteins known to be prominent in their ability to degrade collagen:
Linked to the ability of cancer cells such as endometrial cancer cells to metastasize
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)
Which type of obesity is an increase in amount of fat stored in each cell (adult onset)
Hypertrophic obesity
Which type of obesity has an increase in number of adipocytes It is a frequent cause of childhood obesity involving both genetic factors and environmental factors?
It has a high correlation with the development of type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease in overweight individuals
Hypercellular (hyperplastic or hyperplasia) obesity
Which cells have the capacity to be transformed into cartilage cells (chondrocytes), muscle cells (myoblasts), bone cells (osteoblasts) as well as adipocytes?
Adipose-derived stem cells
Marfan’s syndrome - mutation in the _____ gene
Fibrillin-1
Epidermolyosis bullosa simplex is a hemidesmosome pathology affecting which keratins?
Keratin 5 and 14
Junctional epidermolysis bullosa is a hemidesmosomal pathology affecting which collagen type?
Defects in either collagen XVII or laminin 332 of the hemidesmosome
Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa is affecting what protein? (hemidesmosomal pathology)
Defect in collagen type VII of the anchoring fibrils attaching lamina densa to underlying CT
CC Typically characterized by a congenital reduction or absence of melanin pigment
Albinism
An anti-apoptotic factor necessary to maintain the presence of melanocyte stem cells
Bcl2 Gene
These cells may capture the virus and prevent infection by its sequestration within the Birbeck granules
Langerhan Cells
Neoplasm derived from _____: Basal Cell Carcinoma (common, rarely metastasizes) and Squamous Cell Carcinoma (metastasize)
Keratinocyte Derived
Neoplasm derived from _____: Malignant Melanoma - very aggressive tumor with strong tendency to metastasize
Melanocyte
Neoplasm derived from _____: Histocytosis X, immunological diseases characterized by an abnormal increase and accumulation of _____ cells, which may form tumors affecting various parts of the body, including the bones, lungs, skull, and other areas and organs.
Langerhans’ cells
Neoplasm derived from _____: Merkel Cell Cancer. Relatively rare but highly invasive.
Merkel Cells
