CC: Epithelium, CT, Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Celiac Disease autoimmune disease is caused by failure of the permeability layer of _______

A

Zonula occludens (caused by some microbes and toxins)

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2
Q

Where is an entry point for virus binding Hep C, Coxsackie B, Rotavirus, West Nile, Dengue?

A

Zonula Occludens virus binding as an entry point

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3
Q

Where can a virus disruption in the nectin-actin protein complex entry occur? Example: Measles virus

A

Zonula adherens

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4
Q

Mutation in ___ is associated with non-syndromic congenital deafness.

A

Mutations in Connexin-26 (Cx26)

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5
Q

Which proteins have been associated with inherited cataracts?

A

Connexins-46 and Connexin-50

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6
Q

What specialized junction can cause Skin blistering: Bulbous Pemphigoid

A

Hemidesmosome: Collagen XVII fails in attachment to antibodies

Affects especially BP230

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7
Q

Conversion of one type epithelium to another type which occurs under some conditions of stress to the epithelium such as excess abrasion or chronic infections:

  • Columnar to squamous
  • Squamous to columnar can occur as in Barrett esophagus
A

Metaplasia in Epithelial Cells

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8
Q

What is a subtype of Epithelial Cancer?

A

Adenocarcinomas (adenomas) are a subtype of the carcinomas which occur in glandular tissue of organs like the colon, prostate, and breast

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9
Q

Intermediate filament composition changes from cytokeratin-containing intermediate filaments to vimentin-containing intermediate filaments during:

A

The Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)

breakdown of desmosomal and hemidesmosomal junctions motile and metastatic of breast nd prostate cancer cells

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10
Q

Single endocrine cells interspersed in epithelium of different origin (neural crest) than epithelium.

A

Diffuse Neuroendocrine System (DNES)

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11
Q

Which Gland is Ductless?

A

Endocrine Glands

Endocrine, Paracrine, Autocrine

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12
Q

Ducts are simple or compound

A

Exocrine Glands

Tulular, Alveolar (acinar)

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13
Q

A defective synthesis of collagen due to lack of vitamin C and iron as cofactors for hydroxilation of ____ and _____ in collagen synthesis.

Example: Scurvy

A

proline and lysine

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14
Q

What type of collagen is affected?

Osteogenesis imperfecta: easily fractured brittle bones, abnormal teeth, weak tendons, blue sclera, hearing loss

A

Defects in type I collagen

Bones

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15
Q

What protein family defect is causing Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes?

A

Collagen molecule synthesis

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16
Q

What collagen type affects Classical Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome?

A

Defects in collagen type V

It illustrates that the involvement of type V collagen in formation of type I collagen fibrils may be important!!

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17
Q

What collagen type affects Vascular Ehlers-Danlos (one of the most severe)

Characterized by ruptures of walls of major tubes in vascular and gastrointestinal tract.

A

Defects in collagen type III.

17
Q

What collagen is defective in Vascular Ehlers-Danlos (one of the most severe)?

A

Defects in collagen type III.

Characterized by ruptures of walls of major tubes in vascular and gastrointestinal tract.

18
Q

What type of CT fiber affects

Marfan’s syndrome: Fragile vascular walls which can lead to early death?

A

Elastic fibers

19
Q

Wrinkles and photoaging of the skin is a decrease of what collagen?

A

Decreases in production of type I and type III collagens and faulty collagen fibers due to defects in crosslinking of the collagen.

Number of elastic fibers decreases but in addition with photo-aging there is an abnormal increase in diameter and stiffness of the remaining defective fibers

20
Q

Continued Remodeling of ______ causes hypertrophic scar formation, resulting in excessive connective tissue contracture.

Palmar fibromatosis (Dupuytren’s disease)

A

Myofibroblast

21
Q

In which the immune system activation over-reacts often resulting in immune system action which may be detrimental to the body

A

Hypersensitivity reactions Type I: MAST CELLS

22
Q

This immune system normally requires a longer time for response and requires the synthesis of immunoglobulin antibodies or the production of cytotoxic t-lymphocytes

A

Adaptive immune system

23
Q

Which proteins are resistant to antihistamines and thus anti-histamine therapy will not entirely relieve allergenic responses (similar to histamine)

A

Leukotrienes

24
Q

Mast cell degranulation can result in the following immediate hypersensitivity reactions

A

Hay fever
Asthma
Anaphylactic shock

25
Q

Macrophages may fuse to give giant multinucleated cells called ______

Clinically important at the surface of biopolymer implants , stents, pins and other surgical implants where they may attempt to destroy the implants

A

Foreign Body Giant Cells

Can form large masses of cells known as granulomas

26
Q

A family of proteins known to be prominent in their ability to degrade collagen:

Linked to the ability of cancer cells such as endometrial cancer cells to metastasize

A

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)

27
Q

Which type of obesity is an increase in amount of fat stored in each cell (adult onset)

A

Hypertrophic obesity

28
Q

Which type of obesity has an increase in number of adipocytes It is a frequent cause of childhood obesity involving both genetic factors and environmental factors?

It has a high correlation with the development of type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease in overweight individuals

A

Hypercellular (hyperplastic or hyperplasia) obesity

29
Q

Which cells have the capacity to be transformed into cartilage cells (chondrocytes), muscle cells (myoblasts), bone cells (osteoblasts) as well as adipocytes?

A

Adipose-derived stem cells

30
Q

Marfan’s syndrome - mutation in the _____ gene

A

Fibrillin-1

31
Q

Epidermolyosis bullosa simplex is a hemidesmosome pathology affecting which keratins?

A

Keratin 5 and 14

32
Q

Junctional epidermolysis bullosa is a hemidesmosomal pathology affecting which collagen type?

A

Defects in either collagen XVII or laminin 332 of the hemidesmosome

33
Q

Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa is affecting what protein? (hemidesmosomal pathology)

A

Defect in collagen type VII of the anchoring fibrils attaching lamina densa to underlying CT

34
Q

CC Typically characterized by a congenital reduction or absence of melanin pigment

A

Albinism

35
Q

An anti-apoptotic factor necessary to maintain the presence of melanocyte stem cells

A

Bcl2 Gene

36
Q

These cells may capture the virus and prevent infection by its sequestration within the Birbeck granules

A

Langerhan Cells

37
Q

Neoplasm derived from _____: Basal Cell Carcinoma (common, rarely metastasizes) and Squamous Cell Carcinoma (metastasize)

A

Keratinocyte Derived

38
Q

Neoplasm derived from _____: Malignant Melanoma - very aggressive tumor with strong tendency to metastasize

A

Melanocyte

39
Q

Neoplasm derived from _____: Histocytosis X, immunological diseases characterized by an abnormal increase and accumulation of _____ cells, which may form tumors affecting various parts of the body, including the bones, lungs, skull, and other areas and organs.

A

Langerhans’ cells

40
Q

Neoplasm derived from _____: Merkel Cell Cancer. Relatively rare but highly invasive.

A

Merkel Cells