CC: Epithelium, CT, Skin

Question 1

Celiac Disease autoimmune disease is caused by failure of the permeability layer of _______

Answer 1

Zonula occludens (caused by some microbes and toxins)

Question 2

Where is an entry point for virus binding Hep C, Coxsackie B, Rotavirus, West Nile, Dengue?

Answer 2

Zonula Occludens virus binding as an entry point

Question 3

Where can a virus disruption in the nectin-actin protein complex entry occur? Example: Measles virus

Answer 3

Zonula adherens

Question 4

Mutation in ___ is associated with non-syndromic congenital deafness.

Answer 4

Mutations in Connexin-26 (Cx26)

Question 5

Which proteins have been associated with inherited cataracts?

Answer 5

Connexins-46 and Connexin-50

Question 6

What specialized junction can cause Skin blistering: Bulbous Pemphigoid

Answer 6

Hemidesmosome: Collagen XVII fails in attachment to antibodies

Affects especially BP230

Question 7

Conversion of one type epithelium to another type which occurs under some conditions of stress to the epithelium such as excess abrasion or chronic infections:

• Columnar to squamous
• Squamous to columnar can occur as in Barrett esophagus

Answer 7

Metaplasia in Epithelial Cells

Question 8

What is a subtype of Epithelial Cancer?

Answer 8

Adenocarcinomas (adenomas) are a subtype of the carcinomas which occur in glandular tissue of organs like the colon, prostate, and breast

Question 9

Intermediate filament composition changes from cytokeratin-containing intermediate filaments to vimentin-containing intermediate filaments during:

Answer 9

The Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)

breakdown of desmosomal and hemidesmosomal junctions motile and metastatic of breast nd prostate cancer cells

Question 10

Single endocrine cells interspersed in epithelium of different origin (neural crest) than epithelium.

Answer 10

Diffuse Neuroendocrine System (DNES)

Question 11

Which Gland is Ductless?

Answer 11

Endocrine Glands

Endocrine, Paracrine, Autocrine

Question 12

Ducts are simple or compound

Answer 12

Exocrine Glands

Tulular, Alveolar (acinar)

Question 13

A defective synthesis of collagen due to lack of vitamin C and iron as cofactors for hydroxilation of ____ and _____ in collagen synthesis.

Example: Scurvy

Answer 13

proline and lysine

Question 14

What type of collagen is affected?

Osteogenesis imperfecta: easily fractured brittle bones, abnormal teeth, weak tendons, blue sclera, hearing loss

Answer 14

Defects in type I collagen

Bones

Question 15

What protein family defect is causing Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes?

Answer 15

Collagen molecule synthesis

Question 16

What collagen type affects Classical Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome?

Answer 16

Defects in collagen type V

It illustrates that the involvement of type V collagen in formation of type I collagen fibrils may be important!!

Question 17

What collagen type affects Vascular Ehlers-Danlos (one of the most severe)

Characterized by ruptures of walls of major tubes in vascular and gastrointestinal tract.

Answer 17

Defects in collagen type III.

Question 17

What collagen is defective in Vascular Ehlers-Danlos (one of the most severe)?

Answer 17

Defects in collagen type III.

Characterized by ruptures of walls of major tubes in vascular and gastrointestinal tract.

Question 18

What type of CT fiber affects

Marfan’s syndrome: Fragile vascular walls which can lead to early death?

Answer 18

Elastic fibers

Question 19

Wrinkles and photoaging of the skin is a decrease of what collagen?

Answer 19

Decreases in production of type I and type III collagens and faulty collagen fibers due to defects in crosslinking of the collagen.

Number of elastic fibers decreases but in addition with photo-aging there is an abnormal increase in diameter and stiffness of the remaining defective fibers

Question 20

Continued Remodeling of ______ causes hypertrophic scar formation, resulting in excessive connective tissue contracture.

Palmar fibromatosis (Dupuytren’s disease)

Answer 20

Myofibroblast

Question 21

In which the immune system activation over-reacts often resulting in immune system action which may be detrimental to the body

Answer 21

Hypersensitivity reactions Type I: MAST CELLS

Question 22

This immune system normally requires a longer time for response and requires the synthesis of immunoglobulin antibodies or the production of cytotoxic t-lymphocytes

Answer 22

Adaptive immune system

Question 23

Which proteins are resistant to antihistamines and thus anti-histamine therapy will not entirely relieve allergenic responses (similar to histamine)

Answer 23

Leukotrienes

Question 24

Mast cell degranulation can result in the following immediate hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 24

Hay fever
Asthma
Anaphylactic shock

Question 25

Macrophages may fuse to give giant multinucleated cells called ______

Clinically important at the surface of biopolymer implants , stents, pins and other surgical implants where they may attempt to destroy the implants

Answer 25

Foreign Body Giant Cells

Can form large masses of cells known as granulomas

Question 26

A family of proteins known to be prominent in their ability to degrade collagen:

Linked to the ability of cancer cells such as endometrial cancer cells to metastasize

Answer 26

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)

Question 27

Which type of obesity is an increase in amount of fat stored in each cell (adult onset)

Answer 27

Hypertrophic obesity

Question 28

Which type of obesity has an increase in number of adipocytes It is a frequent cause of childhood obesity involving both genetic factors and environmental factors?

It has a high correlation with the development of type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease in overweight individuals

Answer 28

Hypercellular (hyperplastic or hyperplasia) obesity

Question 29

Which cells have the capacity to be transformed into cartilage cells (chondrocytes), muscle cells (myoblasts), bone cells (osteoblasts) as well as adipocytes?

Answer 29

Adipose-derived stem cells

Question 30

Marfan’s syndrome - mutation in the _____ gene

Answer 30

Fibrillin-1

Question 31

Epidermolyosis bullosa simplex is a hemidesmosome pathology affecting which keratins?

Answer 31

Keratin 5 and 14

Question 32

Junctional epidermolysis bullosa is a hemidesmosomal pathology affecting which collagen type?

Answer 32

Defects in either collagen XVII or laminin 332 of the hemidesmosome

Question 33

Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa is affecting what protein? (hemidesmosomal pathology)

Answer 33

Defect in collagen type VII of the anchoring fibrils attaching lamina densa to underlying CT

Question 34

CC Typically characterized by a congenital reduction or absence of melanin pigment

Answer 34

Albinism

Question 35

An anti-apoptotic factor necessary to maintain the presence of melanocyte stem cells

Answer 35

Bcl2 Gene

Question 36

These cells may capture the virus and prevent infection by its sequestration within the Birbeck granules

Answer 36

Langerhan Cells

Question 37

Neoplasm derived from _____: Basal Cell Carcinoma (common, rarely metastasizes) and Squamous Cell Carcinoma (metastasize)

Answer 37

Keratinocyte Derived

Question 38

Neoplasm derived from _____: Malignant Melanoma - very aggressive tumor with strong tendency to metastasize

Answer 38

Melanocyte

Question 39

Neoplasm derived from _____: Histocytosis X, immunological diseases characterized by an abnormal increase and accumulation of _____ cells, which may form tumors affecting various parts of the body, including the bones, lungs, skull, and other areas and organs.

Answer 39

Langerhans’ cells

Question 40

Neoplasm derived from _____: Merkel Cell Cancer. Relatively rare but highly invasive.

Answer 40

Merkel Cells