Neuro: Intro and Gross Brain Structure Flashcards by Elizabeth Holloway

Subdivisions of the brain

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brainstem

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Subdivision of the brain that has two hemispheres separated by the longitudinal fissure

Cerebrum

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Subdivision of the brain that contains the diencephalon

Cerebrum

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Structural and functional unit of the nervous system

Neuron

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What is the function of neurons?

Receive and transmit bioelectrical signals across synapses

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The area where one neuron communicates with another neuron

Synapse

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Each neuron consists of these three things

Cell body
Dendrites
Axon

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How many axons do each neuron have?

One

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Type of neuron that is most commonly found in our neocortex or cerebral cortex.

Multipolar neuron

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Type of neurons that are mainly sensory neurons

Unipolar neuron

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Glutamate is a neurotransmitter with this type of action

Excitatory

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GABA is a neurotransmitter with this type of action

Inhibitory

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Neurotransmitter that is both excitatory and inhibitory

Acetylcholine

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Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, and Seratonin are this type of neurotransmitter.

Monoamines

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Monoamine neurotransmitters all have this type of action

Excitatory

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Two neurotransmitters that are neuropeptides

ACTH

Substance P

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A crossing of the midline by white matter tracts from dissimiliar sides.

Decussation

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Crossing of the midline by a white matter tract from the exact same areas on both sides.

Commissure

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Area of the frontal lobe that is involved in the primary motor cortex.

Precentral gyrus

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The precentral gyrus is the origin of this pathway

Descending motor

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Area of the frontal lobe that initiates voluntary movements

Precentral gyrus

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This area is responsible for production of spoken and written language

Broca’s area

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Where is Broca’s area located (usually)

Inferior frontal gyrus of the left hemisphere

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Part of the frontal lobe that is important in executive functions such as personality, foresight, and insight

Prefrontal cortex

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Area of the frontal lobe where the olfactory bulb and tract lay

Gyrus rectus

Part of the parietal lobe that is posterior and almost parallel to the central sulcus

Postcentral gyrus

Sulcus on the parietal lobe that runs from the postcentral sulcus toward the occipital lobes.

Intraparietal sulcus

The intraparietal sulcus seperates these two areas of the parietal lobe

Superior and inferior lobules

The inferior parietal lobule is comprised of this gyrus

Supramarginal gyrus

The postcentral and precentral gyri are referred to collectively as this lobule

Paracentral lobule

The precuneus is bounded by these four sulci

Subparietal Calcrine Parieto-occipital Marginal branch of the cingulate

This gyrus of the parietal lobe is the primary somatosensory cortex

Post central gyrus

The post central gyrus is concerned with these functions

Initial processing of tactile and proprioceptive information

Part of the parietal lobe that is involved with language comprehension

Wernike's area

Where is Wernike's area located

Inferior parietal lobe, usually on the left side

Which lobe of the brain is involved with complex aspects of spatial orientation

Pareital cortex

This seperates the occipitaltemporal gyrus from the limbic lobe

Collateral sulcus

The interior surface of the tempral lobe is comprised of this gyrus

Occipitaltemporal (fusiform) gyrus

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

Superior surface of the temporal lobe and part of the superior temporal gyrus

Where is higher order visual processing done in the brain?

Temporal lobe

Part of the temporal lobe involved with learning and memory

Medial temporal lobe

Wedge shaped area on the occipital lobe that is situated between the parieoccipital and clacarine sulci

Cuneus

Gyrus that is inferior to the Calcarine sulcus

Lingual gyrus

The lingual gyrus is continuous with this gyrus

Parahippocampal gyrus

Where does the transition from the lingual and parahippocampal gyri occur?

Isthmus of the cingulate gyrus

Lobe that is almost exclusively visual in function

Occipital

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

In the banks of the calcarine sulcus

Gyrus of the limbic system that is superior to the corpus callosum

Cingulate gyrus

Medial protrusion of the anterior aspect of the parahippocampal gyrus

Uncus

This is found deep to the uncus

Amygdala

Where is the hippocamupus found

In the hippocampal sulcus

This lobe is important in emotional responses and memory

Limbic

This overlies the site where the telencephalon and diencephalon fuse during development

Insula

Part of the diencephalon that consists of the pineal gland

Epithalmus

Area of the diencephalon that is located superior to the hypothalmic sulcus

Thalmus

Area of the diencephalon that is located inferior to the hypothalmic sulcus

Hypothalmus

Area of thalamic fusion across the midline

Massa intermedia

The walls of the hypothalmus are also the walls of this structure

Third ventricle

Most sensory information stops here before continuing to the cerebral cortex

Thalmus

What is the only sensory function that does not first stop in the thalamus before going to the cerebral cortex?

Olfactory

The motor system neural circuits are loops that involve these two areas

Cerebellum | Basal ganglia

What separates the thalamus from the hypothalamus

Hypothalamic sulcus

This is the posterior border of the hypothalamus

Mammillary body

This connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

Infundibular stalk

The function of this part of the brain is to convey information to and from the cerebrum

Brainstem

Where does the olfactory nerve terminate?

Olfactory bulb

Cranial nerve II is embryologically part of this

Diencephalon

Where does the optic tract end?

Thalamus

Where does the Oculomotor (CN III) nerve emerge from?

Interpeduncular fossa

This is the only cranial nerve to emerge from the dorsal aspect of the brainstem.

Trochlear (CN IV)

Where does the Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) emerge?

Cerebellopontine angle

This is the longest Cranial Nerve

Vagus (CN X)

This cranial nerve emerges from the upper cervical spinal cord, ascends to the skull, then reverses and goes into the neck.

Accessory (CN XI)

What is the function of CSF?

Suspend brain | Regulate extracellular fluid composistion

This is the largest ventricle in the brain

Lateral ventricle

This connects the lateral ventricle and the third ventricle

Interventricular foramen

These are the major sites of CSF resorption into the venous system

Arachnoid villi

These allow the brain to turn with the head

Meninges

Outermost and toughest meningeal layer

Dura mater

Where the CSF is found in the brain

Subarachnoid space

Innermost meningeal layer that is attached to the CNS

Pia mater

Arachnoid and pia are referred to collectively as this

Leptomeninges

Dura septa that is found between the cerebral hemispheres

Falx cerebri

Dura septa that is found between the cerebellum and cerebrum

Tentorium cerebelli

Herniation of the singulate gyrus and cortex under the falx cerebri

Subfalcine herniation

Herniation through the tentoral notch. It compromises the brainstem and can cause death.

Uncal herniation

Epidural hemorrhages are due to this

Tear of meningeal arteries due to arterial bleeds

Type of hemorrhage that is due to venous bleeds

Subdural

This interconnects the Internal Carotid and vertebral-basilar systems via the Posterior communicating artery

Circle of Willis

This interconnects the right and left side of the Circle of Willis

Anterior Communicating a.

The anterior cerebral artery supplies these parts of the brain.

Frontal and parietal lobes

The lateral cerebral artery supplies this part of the brain

Lateral cerebral hemispheres

These arteries supply the basal ganglia, thalamus and internal capsule

Preforating arteries

This artery supplies the inferior cerebellum and lateral medulla

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery

Artery that supplies the superior cerebellum, caudal midbrain and rostral pons

Superior cerebellar artery

What does the Anterior Inferior Cerebellar artery supply?

Flocculus and Caudal Pons

What does the Posterior Cerebral Artery supply?

Temporal and Occipital lobes Rostral midbrain Posterior Diencephalon

This controlls movement of materials from the bodies extracellular fluid to the brain's extracellular fluid

Blood brain barrier