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Anatomy 2 Exam 1 > Brainstem Anatomy & Reticular Formation > Flashcards

Brainstem Anatomy & Reticular Formation Flashcards

1
Q

Three broad functions of the brainstem

A

Conduit
Cranial Nerves
Integrative functions

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2
Q

The conduit functions of the brainstem are done with these formations

A

White matter tracts

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3
Q

The integrative functions of the brainstem happen in this area

A

Reticular formation

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4
Q

Three main subdivisions of the brainstem

A

Medulla
Pons
Midbrain

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5
Q

This end of the medulla is closed

A

Caudal

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6
Q

This end of the medula is open

A

Rostral

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7
Q

This is the marker between the caudal and rostral medulla

A

Obex

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8
Q

These formations hold the cerebellum to the brainstem

A

Superior, medial and inferior cerebellar peduncles

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9
Q

Posterior columns of the spinal cord that travel up the Fasciculus cuneatus and Fasciculus gracilis synapse under these bumps

A

Cuneate and Gracile tubercles

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10
Q

These form where the 4th ventricle start to emerge

A

Cuneate and Gracile tubercles

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11
Q

These three cranial nerves are found on the medulla

A

IX, X, XI

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12
Q

This is the largest nucleus in the medulla. It is involved in motor control. It is a major source of input to the cerebellum.

A

Olive

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13
Q

This cranial nerve is a major landmark of the midpons

A

CN V

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14
Q

This cranial nerve is found in the groove between the pons and medulla

A

CN VI

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15
Q

CN VII and CN VIII emerge from the pons in this area

A

Cerebellar pontine angle

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16
Q

This is the ventricular cavity for the midbrain

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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17
Q

Part of the midbrain involved with vision processing and tracking eye movements

A

Superior colliculus

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18
Q

The auditory pathway of the midbrain

A

Inferior colliculus

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19
Q

This cranial nerve comes out between the cerebral peduncle in an area called the interpeduncular fossae

A

CN III

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20
Q

The only cranial nerve that comes up from the dorsal surface of the brain stem

A

CN IV

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21
Q

Pineal tumors press on these areas causing eye movement disorders, specifically with vertical gaze

A

Superior and inferior colliculli

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22
Q

All brainstem levels rostral to the obex have these three areas

A

Tegmentum
Tectum
Other

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23
Q

Tissue anterior to the ventricle in levels of the brainstem rostral to the obex

A

Tegmentum

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24
Q

What is found in the tegmentum?

A

Cranial nerve nuclei

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25
Q

Tissue posterior to the ventricle in levels of the brainstem rostral to the obex

A

Tectum

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26
Q

The descending motor pathway, the corticospinal tract, is found in this area of the brainstem

A

Anterior

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27
Q

This sensory ascending pathway is found in the anterolateral area of the brainstem

A

Spinothalmatic tract

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28
Q

This sensory ascending pathway is more variable in its location, but is always medial to the spinothalmatic tract

A

Medial lemniscus

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29
Q

The anterior and medial brainstem are supplied by these arteries

A

Perforating arteries

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30
Q

These arteries supply the lateral brainstem and cerebellum

A

Superior, Anterior Inferior, and Posterior Inferior Circumferential arteries

31
Q

Functions of the special sensory nerves

A

Hearing

Equilibrium

32
Q

These type of nerves innervate muscles derived embryologically from the pharnygeal arches

A

Branchial motor

33
Q

Central core of the brainstem that extends into the cerebrumas the hypothalamus

A

Reticular formation

34
Q

The reticular formation is important in the regulation of:

A 
Posture
Some sterotypic motor behaviors
Regulating internal environment
Pain regulation
Sleep and wakefulness
Emotional tone
35
Q

Zone of the reticular formation that is immediately adjacent to the sagittal plane

A

Raphe

36
Q

The raphe of the reticular formation is a source of this

A

Seratonin

37
Q

Reticular formation zone that is the source of most of the ascending and descending projections.

A

Medial zone

38
Q

Where is the lateral zone of the reticular formation most prominent?

A

Rostral medulla

Caudal pons

39
Q

The lateral zone of the reticular formation is primarily involved in these activities

A

Cranial nerve reflexes

Visceral functions

40
Q

The reticular formation is a major alternative to this tract in regulating spinal motor neurons

A

Corticospinal tract

41
Q

The vertical gaze center is located here

A

Midbrain

42
Q

The pons is where this gaze center is located

A

Horozontal

43
Q

Three parts of the medulla “vital center”

A

Heart rate
Respiration
Swallowing, vomiting

44
Q

Reticular formation for mastication is located here

A

Supratrigeminal nucleus of the pons

45
Q

What causes bruxism?

A

Co-contraction of the jaw muscles

46
Q

What are the two theories of the cause of bruxism?

A

Peripheral causes theory

Central causes theory

47
Q

This theory of bruxism involves malocclusion resulting in unequal contacting of the teeth

A

Peripheral causes theory

48
Q

This theory of bruxism involves sleep related dysfunctions

A

Central causes theory

49
Q

This area of the rostral midbrain is a well described pain supression system

A

Periaqueductal gray

50
Q

The periaqueductal gray receives pain information from these fibers

A

Spinomesencephalic

51
Q

The reticular formation responds to changes in ______ and projects to the brainstem autonomic nuclei and spinal cord

A

Environmental changes

52
Q

These reticular formation projections work together to modulate cortical activity

A

Thalmic intralaminar nuclear profections

Monoamine reticular projections

53
Q

Bilateral damage to this part of the midbrain results in prolonged comas

A

Ascending reticular activating system

54
Q

Norepinepherine is found in these areas of the medulla

A

Solitary nucleus

Ventrolateral medulla

55
Q

The norepinepherine found in the solitary nucleus is used in this function

A

Memory enhancement

56
Q

Norepinepherine that is used to regulate pain is released in this area of the medulla

A

Trigeminal spinal nucleus of the ventrolateral medulla

57
Q

Where is norepinepherine found in the rostral pons?

A

Locus ceruleus

58
Q

The norepinepherine found in the locus ceruleus is used in these functions

A

Cortex vigilance and attention

59
Q

Norepinepherine is released in the cortex from the Locus ceruleus in response to this

A

Environmental stimuli

60
Q

Decreased levels of norepinepherine can cause this

A

Depression

61
Q

Depression that is often found in Parkinson’s patients is a result of this

A

The loss of Locus ceruleus neurons

62
Q

Increased levels of norepinepherine can cause this

A

Panic disorder

63
Q

Where are the dopaminergic neurons found in the mid brain?

A

Substantia nigra

Ventral tegmantal area

64
Q

Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is used in this function

A

Motor activity

65
Q

Organized thinking and planning are found in these fibers of the ventral tegmental area

A

Mesocortical fibers

66
Q

The mesolimbic fibers of the ventral tegmental area are involved in these functions

A

Emotional reward

Drug dependency

67
Q

This area is implicated in schizophrenia

A

Ventral tegmental area

68
Q

Reduced dopamine in this area leads to disorganized thinking in schizophenia patients

A

Frontal lobe

69
Q

Increased dopamine in these areas of the brain lead to hallucinations in schizophrenia patients

A

Limbic system

Temporal lobe

70
Q

These neurons are located in all levels of the brainstem in the area of the raphe

A

Serotonergic neurons

71
Q

Serotonergic neurons from the midbrain to all regions of the cortex are involved in this

A

Attention

72
Q

Low levels of serotonin leads to these activities

A

High carb consumption

Binge eating

73
Q

High levels of serotonin lead to these activities

A

Compulsive behavior

Anorexia

Anatomy 2 Exam 1 (5 decks)

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