Neuro Intro Flashcards
Week 1
Fiber origin of sympathetic division
thoracolumbar region of spinal cord (thoracolumbar outflow)
Fiber origin of parasympathetic division
brain and sacral spinal cord (craniosacral outflow)
Lengths of preganglionic and postganglionic fibers in sympathetic
short, long
Lengths of preganglionic and postganglionic fibers in parasympathetic
long, short
Location of ganglia for sympathetic
close to spinal cord
Location of ganglia for parasympathetic
visceral effector organ
Gray matter composition and location in the brain and spinal cord
neuron cell bodies; outer portion of cerebrum and throughout all parts of brain; inner portion of spinal cord
What is white matter mostly made up of?
myelinated axons (covered in glial sheath)
Where is white matter in the spinal cord and brain?
outer portion; inner portion throughout brain
What’s the glial sheath?
myelin that covers white matter
What is a collection of neuronal cell bodies in PNS?
ganglion
Whats a bundle of fibers in the PNS?
nerve
What a collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS?
nucleus
What’s a bundle of fibers in the CNS?
tract
Why is the longitudinal axis of the forebrain tilted forward?
cephalic flexure from embryogenesis
Above the midbrain…anterior=?
rostral
Above the midbrain…posterior=?
caudal
Above the midbrain…superior=?
dorsal
Above the midbrain…inferior=?
ventral
Below the midbrain…anterior=?
ventral
Below the midbrain…posterior=?
dorsal
Below the midbrain…superior=?
rostal
Below the midbrain…inferior=?
caudal
Gyri and sulci are a part of what?
cortex in the telencephalon
The largest is the internal capsule that contrains fibers passing to and from the cerebral cortex
subcortical white matter of telencephalon
This part of the telencephalon is involved in motor function
basal nuclei (ganglion)
All sensory info except for what travels to the cerebral cortex through the thalamus?
olfaction
Relay center
thalamus
What helps create smooth purposeful movements? What input does it recieve?
thalamus; pathways with positino sense and tension in muscle or tendons
What functions is the hypothalamus involved in? (4)
sexual behavior, feeding, hormonal output of pituitary gland, body temperature regulation
What are the thalamus and hypothalamus a part of?
diencephalon
What is the brainstem connected to the cerebellum by?
cerebellar peduncles
What structures make up the brainstem?
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, part of the central canal, 4th ventricle, cerebral aqueduct
What contains the respiratory and cardiovascular centers?
brainstem
What part of the motor system coordinates activity to produce smooth, purposeful synergistic movements?
cerebellum
What type are the most mammalian neurons? Describe its structure
multipolar- several dendrites and axon collaterals arising off single axon from a cell body
Describe bipolar neurons.
single dendrite and single axon
Describe pseudounipolar neurons
single process that bifurcates into 2 processes
Describe unipolar neurons
single process, most common in invertebrates
What do glial cells include in the CNS?
astrocytes (macroglia), microglial cells, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells
What do glial cells include in the PNS?
schwann cells and satellite cells
What direction is afferent?
toward
What direction is efferent?
away
What is the simplest reflex arc and what is it composed of? When is it used?
monosynaptic reflex arc composed of 2 neurons for involuntary response to sensory input
areflexia
lack reflex
hyporeflexia
weakend reflex
hyperreflexia
excessive active reflex
Whats the difference between a pathway and a system?
a pathway refers to a series of neurons that carry a specific type of information; a system refers to all the neurons in a pathway that conducts a specific type of information
Upper motor neurons project…
from cerebral cortex down to the spinal cord or brainstem
Lower motor neurons are located…
in the ant. gray horns or brainstem motor nuclei
What detects stimulus and cell body is in the dorsal root canglion?
primary neuron
What acts as a relay and is located in either the spinal cord or brainstem?
secondary neuron
What neuron is housed in the thalamus?
tertiary neuron
Symptom
experienced by the pt
Sign
observed by the health care professional
Where is the lesion when defects are on the same side of the head and body?
cerebral hemisphere
Where is the lesion when the defect is on opposite side of the body and head?
brainstem
Where is the lesion when there are only deficits in the body?
spinal cord
