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Neuro Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of neuroimaging techniques used to diagnose neurological disorders?

A

Structural and functional neuroimaging techniques.

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2
Q

What are structural neuroimaging techniques used for?

A

To identify structural changes due to strokes, tumors, blood clots, degenerative diseases, and infections.

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3
Q

Name two examples of structural neuroimaging techniques.

A
  • Computerized axial tomography (CAT)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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4
Q

What does computerized axial tomography (CAT) use to obtain images?

A

X rays to obtain images of horizontal slices of the brain.

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5
Q

What does magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) use to obtain images?

A

Strong magnetic fields and radio waves to obtain cross-sectional images of the brain.

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6
Q

What is one advantage of computerized axial tomography (CAT) over MRI?

A

Costs less and provides images more rapidly.

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7
Q

True or False: MRI requires the patient to be motionless for a long period of time.

A

True.

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8
Q

What is a key advantage of computerized axial tomography (CAT) regarding patients with metal implants?

A

Can be used with patients who have pacemakers, metal plates, or other metal in their bodies.

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9
Q

What is a key advantage of MRI compared to CAT?

A

Produces three-dimensional and more detailed images.

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10
Q

What type of radiation does MRI use?

A

MRI does not use radiation.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: MRI is frequently used to obtain structural information about the brain and spinal cord, as well as other internal structures of the _______.

A

body.

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12
Q

What do functional neuroimaging techniques provide information about?

A

Brain structure and indirect information on neuronal activity

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13
Q

What does regional cerebral blood flow indicate in functional neuroimaging?

A

Neuronal activity

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14
Q

What are the three techniques of functional neuroimaging mentioned?

A

Positron emission tomography, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography, Functional magnetic resonance imaging

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15
Q

How does positron emission tomography work?

A

A radioactive tracer is injected and taken up by active brain cells

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16
Q

What is the primary difference between positron emission tomography and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography?

A

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography is easier and less expensive to use, but produces less detailed images

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17
Q

What does functional magnetic resonance imaging assess?

A

Changes in blood oxygenation and flow

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: Functional neuroimaging techniques assess _______ consumption or glucose metabolism.

A

Oxygen

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19
Q

True or False: Functional magnetic resonance imaging provides the same information as traditional MRI.

20
Q

What is a key advantage of Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography over positron emission tomography?

A

It is easier and less expensive to use

21
Q

Fill in the blank: Functional neuroimaging techniques include positron emission tomography, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography, and _______.

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

22
Q

What are the main techniques used to assess neurological diseases and conditions?

A

Electroencephalography (EEG) and neuroimaging techniques

Neuroimaging techniques include methods such as MRI and CT scans.

23
Q

What does Electroencephalography (EEG) measure?

A

The electrical impulses used by neurons to communicate with each other

EEG helps in understanding brain activity by recording electrical signals.

24
Q

How are electrodes used in EEG?

A

Small electrodes (sensors) are placed on the scalp to assess the impulses of groups of neurons

The placement of electrodes is crucial for accurate readings.

25
What does the EEG recording look like?
Electrical activity takes the form of wavy lines indicating frequency and amplitude of brain waves ## Footnote The recording is displayed on continuous graph paper or a computer screen.
26
What is one of the primary uses of EEG?
Quickly identifying changes in brain activity in response to stimuli ## Footnote This capability is essential for various diagnostic purposes.
27
List some conditions that EEG assists in diagnosing.
* Seizure disorders * Brain injuries * Tumors * Sleep disorders * Confirming brain death ## Footnote EEG is a versatile tool in clinical practice.
28
What are the two types of neuroimaging techniques used to diagnose neurological disorders?
Structural techniques and functional techniques ## Footnote Structural techniques include CT scan, MRI, and DTI
29
Name three structural neuroimaging techniques.
* Computerized axial tomography (CT scan) * Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) * Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) ## Footnote These techniques identify structural changes in the brain
30
What conditions can structural neuroimaging techniques help identify?
* Traumatic brain injury * Strokes * Tumors * Degenerative diseases * Infections ## Footnote These conditions show structural changes in the brain
31
What is an advantage of CT scans?
CT scanners are usually available in hospital emergency rooms and cost less than MRI ## Footnote CT scans provide images more quickly than MRIs
32
What is a disadvantage of CT scans?
CT exposes patients to ionizing radiation (x-rays) ## Footnote This can pose health risks with repeated exposure
33
What is an advantage of MRI over CT?
MRI produces more detailed, three-dimensional images than CT ## Footnote This allows for detection of microhemorrhages, contusions, and gliosis
34
What are some disadvantages of MRI?
* Requires patients to remain motionless for a long period * Produces loud noise requiring earplugs or headphones ## Footnote These factors can cause discomfort for patients
35
What does DTI assess?
The structural integrity of white matter tracts in the brain ## Footnote DTI is an MRI-based technique focusing on myelinated axons
36
How does DTI evaluate white matter integrity?
By identifying abnormalities in the rate and direction of water molecule movement (diffusion) along axons ## Footnote This method helps in understanding brain connectivity
37
What conditions can DTI be used to study?
* Traumatic brain injury * Concussion * Neurocognitive disorder * Schizophrenia * Autism * Epilepsy * Multiple sclerosis ## Footnote DTI is valuable for assessing various neurological conditions
38
True or False: MRI can detect microhemorrhages that CT scans cannot.
True ## Footnote MRI provides more detailed imaging capabilities
39
What do functional techniques assess in relation to brain activity?
Glucose consumption or oxygen consumption ## Footnote Functional techniques measure brain activity through glucose or oxygen consumption, often via regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) or blood volume.
40
Name three functional neuroimaging techniques.
* Positron emission tomography (PET) * Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) * Functional MRI (fMRI) ## Footnote These techniques provide insights into brain activity through different methods.
41
How does fMRI measure brain activity?
By using magnetic fields and radio waves ## Footnote fMRI is similar to MRI but focuses on brain activity rather than structural imaging.
42
What is the limitation of neuroimaging techniques in diagnosing neurocognitive disorders?
They are not sufficiently accurate to diagnose neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s disease ## Footnote Neuroimaging techniques are often used alongside other diagnostic methods.
43
What structural imaging technique is usually preferred for measuring brain volume?
MRI ## Footnote MRI provides a more accurate three-dimensional measure of brain structures compared to CT.
44
When might CT be used instead of MRI?
When MRI is unavailable or for specific reasons described above ## Footnote CT may be preferred in certain situations despite its limitations.
45
What does fluorodeoxyglucose PET (FDG-PET) assess?
Glucose metabolism ## Footnote FDG-PET is particularly useful in distinguishing Alzheimer’s disease from other neurocognitive disorders.
46
True or False: PET and SPECT use radioactive tracers to measure brain activity.
True ## Footnote Both PET and SPECT involve the injection of radiotracers into the bloodstream.

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