Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Examination findings > Neuro exam differentials > Flashcards

Neuro exam differentials Flashcards

1
Q

What are causes of unilateral UMN weakness?

A

Think brain to cord

  • Intracranial - Stroke, SOL
  • Brainstem - Stroke, SOL
  • Spinal Cord - MS, Infarct/haemorrhage, SOL, Trauma, syringomyelia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are intracranial causes of unilateral UMN weakness?

A

Hemisensory loss

  • Stroke
  • SOL
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are Brainstem causes of unilateral UMN weakness?

A
  • Stroke
  • SOL
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are spinal cord causes of unilateral UMN weakness?

A

Sensory level/segmental sensory loss

  • MS
  • Infarction/Haemorrhage
  • Trauma
  • SOL
  • Syringomyelia
  • Congenital
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are causes of bilateral UMN pyramidal weakness?

A

3 Ms

  • MS
  • MND
  • Myelopathy
  • Other
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are causes of myelopathy which can present with Bilateral UMN pyramidal weakness?

A

Often with sensory level

  • Cord compression - SOL, Disc prolapse, paraspinal infection, cervical
  • Trauma
  • Transverse myelitis
  • Syringomyelia
  • Congenital
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Besides MS, MND and myelopathy, what are other causes of Bilateral UMN pyramidal weakness?

A
  • Brainstem stroke
  • Hereditary spastic paraplegia
  • CP
  • HTLV-1
  • Syphilis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is important to remember in the acute setting for those with stroke or transverse myelitis in terms of clinical signs?

A

May initially have hypotonia and hyporeflexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are causes of radiculopathy?

A
  • Disc herniation
  • Degenerative disc disease
  • Spondylosis/OA with osteophytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are causes of brachial plexopathy?

A
  • Brachial neuritis
  • Trauma
  • Congenital - erb’s palsy, Klumpkes
  • Thoracic outlet syndrome
  • Neoplastic infiltration
  • Radiotherapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are causes of lumbosacral plexopathy?

A
  • Trauma
  • Congenital
  • Neoplastic infiltration
  • Radiotherapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What sensory loss may occur with a brachial/lumbosacral plexopathy?

A

Vast dermatomal sensory loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are causes of median nerve palsy?

A
  • Carpal tunnel syndrome
  • Distal radius fracture
  • Penetrating forearm injury
  • Pronator Teres syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are causes of carpal tunnel syndrome?

A
  • Idiopathic
  • Pregnancy
  • Obesity
  • Local pressure
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Acromegaly
  • Diabetes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are causes of ulnar nerve palsy?

A
  • Compression at the elbow/cubital tunnel
  • Fractures
  • Cubital tunnel syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are causes of radial nerve palsy?

A
  • Trauma/compression at axilla - e.g. crutches, saturday night palsy
  • Humeral shaft fracture
  • Elbow fracture
  • Elbow ganglion
  • Elbow dislocation
17
Q

What are causes of axillary nerve palsy?

A
  • Shoulder dislocation
  • Surgical neck of humerus fracture
18
Q

What are causes of bilateral LMN distal weakness with abnormal sensation distally (sensorimotor polyneuropathy)?

A

ABCDE

  • Alcohol
  • B12/thiamine deficiency
  • Charcot-Marie-Toorh, Carcinomas (paraneoplastic)
  • Diabetes, Drugs
  • Every vasculitis + some infections
19
Q

What drugs can cause bilateral LMN distal weakness with abnormal sensation distally (sensorimotor polyneuropathy)?

A
  • TB drugs
  • Metranidazole
  • Nitrofurantoin
  • Vincristine
  • Cisplatin
  • Amiodarone
20
Q

What are infectious causes of bilateral LMN distal weakness with abnormal sensation distally (sensorimotor polyneuropathy)?

A
  • Herpes zoster
  • HIV
  • Leprosy
  • Syphilis
21
Q

What are causes of bilateral LMN distal weakness with normal sensation distally (distal motor polyneuropathy)?

A
  • Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
  • Myotonic dystrophy
  • Inclusion body myositis
  • Progressive muscular strophy
  • Lead poisoning
  • Porphyria
22
Q

What are causes of acute flaccid paralysis?

A
  • Guillain-Barre syndrome
  • Rare infections - polio, rabies, west nile
  • Cauda equina syndrome
  • Acute transverse myelitis
23
Q

What are groups of causes of proximal muscle weakness with normal sensation?

A
  • Dystrophies - DMD, Becker’s, Limb girdle
  • Endocrine - Cushing’s hypo/hyperthyroid, diabetic amyotrophy
  • Neuromuscular - myasthenia, Lamert eaton syndrome
  • Inflammatory - dermato-/polymyositis, inclusion body myositis
  • Metabolic/congenital/mitochondrial
24
Q

What are groups of causes of mononeuritis multiplex?

A
  • Vasculitis
  • Autoimmune
  • Infections
  • Others - DM, sarcoid, amyloidosis
25
Q

What are vasculitic causes of mononeuritis multiplex?

A
  • Granulomatosis with polyangitis
  • Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangitis
  • Polarteritis nodosa
  • Microscopic polyangitis
26
Q

What are autoimmune causes of mononeuritis multiplex?

A
  • RA
  • SLE
  • Sjogrens
  • Paraneoplastic
  • Cryoglobinaemia
27
Q

What are infectious causes of mononeuritis multiplex?

A
  • Lyme
  • HIV
  • Leprosy
28
Q

What are causes of combined UMN and LMN lesions?

A
  • MND
  • Dual pathology
  • Myeloradiculopathy
  • Subacute degeneration of the spinal cord
29
Q

What are causes of cerebellar disease?

A

MAVIS

  • MS
  • Alcohol
  • Vascular - stroke, haemorrhage
  • Inherited - Fredrich’s, spincerebellar ataxia, ataxia telangiectasia
  • SOL
30
Q

What should you be asking yourself throughout a neurological examination?

A

If the pathology is:

  • Unilateral/bilateral UMN - pyramidal weakness
  • Unilateral LMN - weakness depends on lesion
  • Bilateral LMN - distal weakness
  • Proximal weakness

Examination findings (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions