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research methods > Neuro Exam 3 > Flashcards

Neuro Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Opioids

A

-neuropeptides
-in brain and spinal cord
-endorphines, dynorphins, enkephalins
-tied to dopamine- gives the reward/pleasure feeling
-euphoria, block pain signals

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2
Q

Oxytocin

A

-neuropeptide/hormone
-associated with maternal behavior, lactation, selective social bonding, sexual pleasure (love, lust, lactation, labor)
-increases during social stress
-more prominent in females

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3
Q

Gases as neurotransmitters

A

-Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide
-Retrograde (move from post to presynaptic)
-lets presynaptic know to release more neurotransmitters
-no vesicles

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4
Q

CT scan

A

-structural imaging
-“Computed Tomography”
-uses X-rays to look at soft tissue structures
-dye is injected to make soft tissue visible
-Pros=cheap, quick, accessible
Cons=Not easy to see

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5
Q

MRI

A

-structural imaging
-“Magnetic Resonance Imaging”
-uses magnet to view radio waves
-views gray and white matter
-Pros=better details, view voxels for measuring (pixels)
Cons=slower, more expensive, sensitive to movement

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6
Q

DTI

A

-structural imaging
-“Diffusion Tensor Imaging”
-axons are visible along with their orientation
-views white matter
-Isotropy=water molecules can diffuse equally in any direction
-Anisotropy=restricted diffusion

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7
Q

fMRI

A

-functional imaging
-“Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging”
-most commonly used
-looks at oxygenated blood
-more oxygen=more activity in that brain area
-Cons=need to subtract background activity (not good for sleep/epilepsy)

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8
Q

MEG

A

-functional imaging
-“magnetoencephalography”
-changes in ion levels=changes in magnetic fields
-measures magnetic fields created by action potentials
-Pros=silent, some movement allowed, fast, see what the brain is doing in real time, good for sleep studies
-Cons= need full aluminum room, deeper tissue is harder to detect, expensive, need special technician

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9
Q

PET

A

-functional imaging
-“Positron Emission Tomography”
-radioactive dye injected which hooks onto oxygen/glucose
-detect changes in cell activity (neurotransmitters)
-Pros=see individual areas of anatomy, tracts, receptors, etc
-Cons=not the best resolution

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10
Q

EEG

A

-functional imaging
-doesn’t give actual image of the brain but detects action potentials directly
-activity shown on scribbles on paper
-Pros=inexpensive and portable

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11
Q

Ablation

A

localization technique
-invasive
-requires damaging a certain part of the brain to see how our functions change from it

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12
Q

TMS

A

-Localization technique
-Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
-Magnet waved over one’s head stimulates the brain and stops action potentials (good for depression)

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13
Q

Viral Vectors

A

-localization technique
-invasive
-inject brain with modified virus DNA
-Examples=increase dopamine, turn cells off (apoptosis)

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14
Q

electrochemistry

A

electrical currents combined with chemicals to measure neurotransmitters

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15
Q

Amperometry

A

-way to measure neurotransmitters
-create electrical current in brain and axon terminals release a neurotransmitter (FAST)

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16
Q

Voltammetry

A

-way to measure neurotransmitters
-ramp current up or down
-measures multiple neurotransmitters at 1 time (SLOW)

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17
Q

Micro dialysis

A

-way to measure neurotransmitters
-probe implanted, extracts fluids, and replaces it with synthetic cerebral spinal fluid (SLOWEST)

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18
Q

Optogenetics

A

-way to measure neurotransmitters
-uses genetic code from algae (light receptor)
-implanted light will activate the implanted receptors which can control behavior

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19
Q

electrophysiology

A

-measures membrane potential changes allowing us to see action potentials in real time
-usually done in vitro (petri dish) but has recently been done in mice
-view only a few cells at a time

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20
Q

Golgi staining

A

looks at structure

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21
Q

C-fos staining

A

activity based- uses antibodies to detect/flag for proteins
-shows what neurons were recently active

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22
Q

Clarity

A

-like c-fos but stains multiple different proteins multiple different colors
-can make brain translucent by taking away fats only leaving the proteins behind
-hard to measure results

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23
Q

GWAS

A

-“Genome Wide Association Study”
-looks at SNPs (gene misspellings) to better understand disorders
-looks at whole genome (very large studies)

24
Q

microarray

A

-like GWAS but only looks at a selection of genes
-Pros=cheaper and less time
-Cons= must know enough about disorder to pick what genes are needed,

25
Q

RNAseq

A

-look at whole genome to see if genes are being expressed
-if RNA is present, the gene is “on” or expressed

26
Q

Animal models

A

-changing animals genetic code
-knock out=take out gene
-knock up=increase gene
-wild type=control
-done with mice, worms, fruit flies, yeast

27
Q

endogenous

A

made inside the body

28
Q

exogenous

A

made outside the body

29
Q

agonist

A

similar shape and binds in same place as neurotransmitter
-full agonist=100% same job as neurotransmitter
-partial-only does part of the same job

30
Q

antagonist

A

blocks binding site from being activated
-NO EFFECT

31
Q

inverse agonist

A

-rare
-inhibits the cell
-activates chloride instead of sodium

32
Q

down regulation

A

some receptors are removed to avoid overexciting the cell (avoid chance of cell dying)

33
Q

up regulation

A

increase sensitivity, overwhelms binding sites

34
Q

high binding affinity

A

very similar to neurotransmitter making it MORE likely to bind

35
Q

low binding affinity

A

less similar to neurotransmitter making it bind for shorter periods of time (less effective)

36
Q

high efficacy

A

drug has strong effect- high binding and strong agonist

37
Q

low efficacy

A

drug has low effect- low binding and less strong of agonist

38
Q

Considerations for binding of drug molecules

A

-drugs can be more specific about which neurotransmitter family to bind to
-drugs can bridge across multiple receptors
-dose and route can change how the drug effects us

39
Q

MAOIs

A

-antidepressant
-inhibits MAOs (enzymes that break down neurotransmitters)
-allows neurotransmitter to build up
-no longer used since it also inhibited MAOs in the gut leading to things like hypertension

40
Q

Tricyclics

A

-antidepressant
-blocks transporters which blocks reuptake of neurotransmitters
-inhibits sodium channels stopping action potentials
-also not used much due to lethal effects on rest of the body

41
Q

SSRIs

A

-antidepressant
-“selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor”
-only blocks serotonin reuptake instead of all 3 (dopamine and norepinephrine)
-most commonly used

42
Q

Anxiolytics

A

-anxiety is when there is more activity in the brain than wanted
-must increase GABA

43
Q

orthosteric

A

where natural neurotransmitter sits in

44
Q

allosteric

A

other sites neurotransmitters don’t sit in
-help the neurotransmitter

45
Q

Barbiturates

A

-anxiolytic
-positive allosteric modulators (PAM)
-increase effectiveness of GABA by opening chloride channels for longer
-anything ending in “arbital”
-used to induce anesthesia

46
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

-PAM
-enhance GABA
-like barbiturates but less likely to overdose
-usually used for acute anxiety

47
Q

Alcohol

A

-PAM
-biphasic effect (increase in activity and then inhibition)
-depression and anxiety increase after use (bad)
-not prescribed

48
Q

Cannabis

A

-THC
-endogenous set of receptors
-cannabinoid receptors on presynaptic cell
-retrograde messaging- tell presynaptic to make more of neurotransmitter
-mostly found on GABA axon terminals

49
Q

Caffeine

A

-stimulant
-more adenosine=less activity (more sleep pressure)
-caffeine is an antagonist so it blocks off receptors
-less sleep pressure!

50
Q

Nicotine

A

-stimulant
-high acetylcholine= high energy
-nicotine is a true agonist
-can also bind to receptors along with the neurotransmitters causing you to be more awake and alert

51
Q

Cocaine

A

-stimulant
-mostly effects dopamine
-cocaine blocks reuptake transporters allowing dopamine to build up in the cell

52
Q

Amphetamine

A

-stimulant
-effects dopamine
-blocks reuptake in transporters
-transporter can be tricked into taking it into the cell leading to enzymes breaking that down instead of dopamine (dopamine then builds up)
-with higher doses, transporter will malfunction and push build up of dopamine out rather than allowing anything in the cell

53
Q

LSD

A

-Hallucinogen
-agonist for serotonin
-altered perceptions (not true hallucinations)

54
Q

PCP

A

-ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
-can cause seizures
-true hallucinations (paranoia)
-reduced sense of pain
-cellular damage/strokes

55
Q

MDMA

A

-hallucinogen
-blocks transporters for dopamine and serotonin
-like amphetamines (more alert and high energy)
-gives feeling of euphoria

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