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research methods > neuro Exam 1 > Flashcards

neuro Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

8 levels of analysis

A

1-Social
2-Organ
3-Neural
4-Brain Region
5-Circuit
6- Cellular
7-Synaptic
8-Molecular

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2
Q

Social level of analysis

A

How people behave in social interaction (observational)

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3
Q

Organ level of analysis

A

Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and eyes.

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4
Q

Neural level of analysis

A

Eyes and visual brain regions

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5
Q

Brain region level of analysis

A

Visual cortex

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6
Q

Circuit level of analysis

A

Local neural circuit

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7
Q

Cellular level of analysis

A

One single neuron

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8
Q

Synaptic level of analysis

A

Analyzing the behavior between one synapse.

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9
Q

Molecular level of analysis

A

Molecules- membrane receptors

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10
Q

Fields in Neuro

A

Developmental, Cognitive, Molecular/Cellular, Behavioral, Clinical, Systems

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11
Q

Research Hierarchy

A

1- Principal Investigator
2-Postdoctoral Fellow
3- Assistant/ Assistant Professor
4-Graduate Student
5-Technical Assistant
6- Undergraduate

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12
Q

Da Vinci

A

-showed interest in human anatomy
-drew anatomy and nervous system

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13
Q

Michelangelo

A

-“God’s gift to Man” God is floating in brain shape
-emphasized the importance of the brain

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14
Q

Descartes

A

-Dualism=Brain and mind coexist
-Pineal Gland= “Seed of the soul”
-First general concept of reflexes and that they relate to the brain

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15
Q

Galvani

A

-Bioelectricity
-electricity can move dead tissue
-Cells communicate through electricity
-THINK FRANKENSTEIN

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16
Q

Muller

A

-Law of Specific Nerve Energies=all sensation uses electricity through pathways
-activity won’t all of a sudden change (eyes will only ever see, not hear)

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17
Q

Flourens

A

-Ablation
-Localization

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18
Q

Ramon Y Cajal

A

-Neuron Doctrine= nervous system is made up of individual cells
-Golgi staining= could see human cells under microscope

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19
Q

Loewi

A

-Beating Heart Experiment
-Brain also uses chemicals to communicate
-discovered first neuro transmitter (acetylcholine)

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20
Q

Kandel

A

-Used reduced models (sea slugs)
-Reduced models are easier to study (why so many use rats).

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21
Q

First Neurotransmitter discovered

A

Acetylcholine

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22
Q

Localization

A

where certain behaviors are caused in the brain

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23
Q

Phrenology

A

Concept that people’s personalities and behaviors can be determined by the bumps and shape of one’s skull.

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24
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord!
-Brain processes info and coordinates bodily functions
-Spinal cord directs signals from brain to body and is in charge of simple reflexes.

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25
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Nerves!
-Somatic=motor and sensory
-Autonomic= connects central nervous system to body’s internal organs

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26
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic

A

Sympathetic= fight or flight (rev up body and energy)
Parasympathetic= relax and conserves energy

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27
Q

Anterior/Posterior

A

Anterior=front
Posterior=back

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28
Q

Superior/Inferier

A

Superior=up
Inferior=down

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29
Q

Medial/Lateral

A

Medial=towards center of body
Lateral=towards outside of body

30
Q

Dorsal/Ventral

A

Dorsal=back
Ventral=stomach

31
Q

Rostral/Caudal

A

Rostral=front of face towards nose
Caudal=towards “tail” (back of head)

32
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Medulla

33
Q

Metencephalon

A

pons and cerebellum

34
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain

35
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

36
Q

Telencephalon

A

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, corpus collosum

37
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

sagittal crease going down center of the left and right hemisphere of the brain

38
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

pathway between hemispheres to communicate with eachother

39
Q

Split-brain patients

A

-sides of brain work independently
-right side=visuals/graphics/faces
-Left side=language/logic

40
Q

Lateralization

A

each side of the brain specializes in certain functions

41
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

motor control (go or no go?)

42
Q

Limbic System

A

emotion and memory

43
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay system for brain messages

44
Q

Hypothalamus

A

hormones

45
Q

Midbrain

A

-top of brain stem
-vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal, and temp regulation

46
Q

Pons

A

-motor control
-tears/saliva
-mediator for cerebellum

47
Q

Medulla

A

-BP
-Breathing
-Basic survival behaviors

48
Q

Cerebellum

A

-orientation and balance (think of people when they’re drunk)
-emotion regulation

49
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Front=executive functions
back= motor control
Communicates with limbic system

50
Q

Parietal lobe

A

sensation and touch

51
Q

Occipital lobe

A

vision

52
Q

Temporal lobe

A

hearing

53
Q

Central sulcus

A

valley dividing the frontal and parietal lobes

54
Q

Sylvian fissure

A

separation between the temporal lobe and the rest of the brain (where its detached)

55
Q

Insular Cortex

A

-Hidden 5th lobe
-pain, disgust, judgement/morals

56
Q

Gray matter

A

-outer layer of gyrus
-cell bodies

57
Q

white matter

A

-layer under gray matter
-axons with myelin sheaths

58
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

-Damage to left fontal lobe
-inhibited speech production
-(output)

59
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

-Damage to left temporal lobe
-Doesn’t understand what people say -(input)

60
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

-Fusiform Gyrus
-disconnect between vision and memory
-can’t recognize faces

61
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Start and stop messages for motor function

62
Q

Substantia nigra

A

Part of basal ganglia that produces dopamine which effects motor control

63
Q

Parkinsons

A

damage to substantia nigra and is usually caused by genetics or environmental toxins

64
Q

Limbic System

A

Processes and regulates emotions and memory

65
Q

Amygdala

A

-Part of limbic system
-in charge of fear/aggression (instinct)

66
Q

Hippocampus

A

-Part of limbic system
-Long term memory storage

67
Q

Urbach-Weithe Disease

A

-build up of calcium in amygdala causing it to harden and no longer function properly
-leads to lack of fear

68
Q

Capgras Delusion

A

-disconnect in the amygdala
-Believe family or friends are imposters

69
Q

Hypothalamic Obesity Disorder

A

Damage to the hypothalamus leading to one never feeling full (results in overeating).

70
Q

Cerebral Ventricles

A

-hollow spaces on either side of the brain
-drains spinal fluid
-differ in sizes based on disorders
-4 total (2 on either side, 3rd at top, 4th at bottom)

71
Q

Meninges

A

-Layers wrapping the brain and spinal cord that provides cushioning/protection

research methods (5 decks)

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