neuro Exam 1

Question 1

8 levels of analysis

Answer 1

1-Social
2-Organ
3-Neural
4-Brain Region
5-Circuit
6- Cellular
7-Synaptic
8-Molecular

Question 2

Social level of analysis

Answer 2

How people behave in social interaction (observational)

Question 3

Organ level of analysis

Answer 3

Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and eyes.

Question 4

Neural level of analysis

Answer 4

Eyes and visual brain regions

Question 5

Brain region level of analysis

Answer 5

Visual cortex

Question 6

Circuit level of analysis

Answer 6

Local neural circuit

Question 7

Cellular level of analysis

Answer 7

One single neuron

Question 8

Synaptic level of analysis

Answer 8

Analyzing the behavior between one synapse.

Question 9

Molecular level of analysis

Answer 9

Molecules- membrane receptors

Question 10

Fields in Neuro

Answer 10

Developmental, Cognitive, Molecular/Cellular, Behavioral, Clinical, Systems

Question 11

Research Hierarchy

Answer 11

1- Principal Investigator
2-Postdoctoral Fellow
3- Assistant/ Assistant Professor
4-Graduate Student
5-Technical Assistant
6- Undergraduate

Question 12

Da Vinci

Answer 12

-showed interest in human anatomy
-drew anatomy and nervous system

Question 13

Michelangelo

Answer 13

-“God’s gift to Man” God is floating in brain shape
-emphasized the importance of the brain

Question 14

Descartes

Answer 14

-Dualism=Brain and mind coexist
-Pineal Gland= “Seed of the soul”
-First general concept of reflexes and that they relate to the brain

Question 15

Galvani

Answer 15

-Bioelectricity
-electricity can move dead tissue
-Cells communicate through electricity
-THINK FRANKENSTEIN

Question 16

Muller

Answer 16

-Law of Specific Nerve Energies=all sensation uses electricity through pathways
-activity won’t all of a sudden change (eyes will only ever see, not hear)

Question 17

Flourens

Answer 17

-Ablation
-Localization

Question 18

Ramon Y Cajal

Answer 18

-Neuron Doctrine= nervous system is made up of individual cells
-Golgi staining= could see human cells under microscope

Question 19

Loewi

Answer 19

-Beating Heart Experiment
-Brain also uses chemicals to communicate
-discovered first neuro transmitter (acetylcholine)

Question 20

Kandel

Answer 20

-Used reduced models (sea slugs)
-Reduced models are easier to study (why so many use rats).

Question 21

First Neurotransmitter discovered

Answer 21

Acetylcholine

Question 22

Localization

Answer 22

where certain behaviors are caused in the brain

Question 23

Phrenology

Answer 23

Concept that people’s personalities and behaviors can be determined by the bumps and shape of one’s skull.

Question 24

Central Nervous System

Answer 24

Brain and spinal cord!
-Brain processes info and coordinates bodily functions
-Spinal cord directs signals from brain to body and is in charge of simple reflexes.

Question 25

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 25

Nerves! -Somatic=motor and sensory -Autonomic= connects central nervous system to body's internal organs

Question 26

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic

Answer 26

Sympathetic= fight or flight (rev up body and energy) Parasympathetic= relax and conserves energy

Question 27

Anterior/Posterior

Answer 27

Anterior=front Posterior=back

Question 28

Superior/Inferier

Answer 28

Superior=up Inferior=down

Question 29

Medial/Lateral

Answer 29

Medial=towards center of body Lateral=towards outside of body

Question 30

Dorsal/Ventral

Answer 30

Dorsal=back Ventral=stomach

Question 31

Rostral/Caudal

Answer 31

Rostral=front of face towards nose Caudal=towards "tail" (back of head)

Question 32

Myelencephalon

Answer 32

Medulla

Question 33

Metencephalon

Answer 33

pons and cerebellum

Question 34

Mesencephalon

Answer 34

Midbrain

Question 35

Diencephalon

Answer 35

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 36

Telencephalon

Answer 36

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, corpus collosum

Question 37

Longitudinal fissure

Answer 37

sagittal crease going down center of the left and right hemisphere of the brain

Question 38

Corpus Callosum

Answer 38

pathway between hemispheres to communicate with eachother

Question 39

Split-brain patients

Answer 39

-sides of brain work independently -right side=visuals/graphics/faces -Left side=language/logic

Question 40

Lateralization

Answer 40

each side of the brain specializes in certain functions

Question 41

Basal Ganglia

Answer 41

motor control (go or no go?)

Question 42

Limbic System

Answer 42

emotion and memory

Question 43

Thalamus

Answer 43

Relay system for brain messages

Question 44

Hypothalamus

Answer 44

hormones

Question 45

Midbrain

Answer 45

-top of brain stem -vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal, and temp regulation

Question 46

Pons

Answer 46

-motor control -tears/saliva -mediator for cerebellum

Question 47

Medulla

Answer 47

-BP -Breathing -Basic survival behaviors

Question 48

Cerebellum

Answer 48

-orientation and balance (think of people when they're drunk) -emotion regulation

Question 49

Frontal lobe

Answer 49

Front=executive functions back= motor control Communicates with limbic system

Question 50

Parietal lobe

Answer 50

sensation and touch

Question 51

Occipital lobe

Answer 51

vision

Question 52

Temporal lobe

Answer 52

hearing

Question 53

Central sulcus

Answer 53

valley dividing the frontal and parietal lobes

Question 54

Sylvian fissure

Answer 54

separation between the temporal lobe and the rest of the brain (where its detached)

Question 55

Insular Cortex

Answer 55

-Hidden 5th lobe -pain, disgust, judgement/morals

Question 56

Gray matter

Answer 56

-outer layer of gyrus -cell bodies

Question 57

white matter

Answer 57

-layer under gray matter -axons with myelin sheaths

Question 58

Broca's Aphasia

Answer 58

-Damage to left fontal lobe -inhibited speech production -(output)

Question 59

Wernicke's Aphasia

Answer 59

-Damage to left temporal lobe -Doesn't understand what people say -(input)

Question 60

Prosopagnosia

Answer 60

-Fusiform Gyrus -disconnect between vision and memory -can't recognize faces

Question 61

Basal Ganglia

Answer 61

Start and stop messages for motor function

Question 62

Substantia nigra

Answer 62

Part of basal ganglia that produces dopamine which effects motor control

Question 63

Parkinsons

Answer 63

damage to substantia nigra and is usually caused by genetics or environmental toxins

Question 64

Limbic System

Answer 64

Processes and regulates emotions and memory

Question 65

Amygdala

Answer 65

-Part of limbic system -in charge of fear/aggression (instinct)

Question 66

Hippocampus

Answer 66

-Part of limbic system -Long term memory storage

Question 67

Urbach-Weithe Disease

Answer 67

-build up of calcium in amygdala causing it to harden and no longer function properly -leads to lack of fear

Question 68

Capgras Delusion

Answer 68

-disconnect in the amygdala -Believe family or friends are imposters

Question 69

Hypothalamic Obesity Disorder

Answer 69

Damage to the hypothalamus leading to one never feeling full (results in overeating).

Question 70

Cerebral Ventricles

Answer 70

-hollow spaces on either side of the brain -drains spinal fluid -differ in sizes based on disorders -4 total (2 on either side, 3rd at top, 4th at bottom)

Question 71

Meninges

Answer 71

-Layers wrapping the brain and spinal cord that provides cushioning/protection