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Neuro Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal cord

A

Layers outside to inside:
-vertebra
-dura mater
-Arachnoid
-Pia mater
-spinal cord

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2
Q

dorsal roots

A

posterior- sensory info from peripheral nervous system to central nervous system

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3
Q

ventral roots

A

anterior- allows motor neurons to exist spinal cord

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4
Q

cranial nerves

A

in brain tied to our sense

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5
Q

spinal nerves

A

brain communicates with rest of the body through spinal nerves

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6
Q

somatic nervous system

A

motor and sensation

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7
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

consists of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems (involuntary physiological responses)

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8
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

“fight or flight”

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9
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

“rest and digest” reverse sympathetic and calm down your body

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10
Q

parts of neuron

A

-soma (body or center)
-dendrites (stem off of cell membrane)
-axon (arm reaching out of cell body)
-myelin sheaths (coat axon)
-nodes of ranvier (sections between myelin)
-terminals (branches off end of axon)

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11
Q

unipolar neuron

A

dendrite and axon (most basic and not found in human body)

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12
Q

bipolar neuron

A

axon with dendrites on either side of the soma (found in retina and set in a row)

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13
Q

multipolar neuron

A

2+ dendrites separate from axon (most popular)

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14
Q

pseudo-unipolar neuron

A

Dendrite and axon from single process that bifurcates (superrrrr long)

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15
Q

nuclei

A

cluster of neurons/cell bodies

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16
Q

bundles

A

cluster of axons

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17
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

provide MYELIN SHEATHS for central nervous system axons (CNS)

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18
Q

astrocyte

A

provides NUTRIENTS delivered by blood vessels (CNS)

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19
Q

microglia

A

IMMUNE defense (CNS)

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20
Q

neuronal communication

A

-chemical and electrical prompt each other
-chemical impulses trigger release of neurotransmitters

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21
Q

synapse

A

space between two cells that communicate with each other

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22
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

neuron that SENDS the message

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23
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

neuron that RECEIVES the message

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24
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical stored in presynaptic neuron

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25
vesicle
sack holding the stored neurotransmitter
26
receptor
protein complex that catches neurotransmitter
27
diffusion
neurotransmitter freely floats from presynaptic to postsynaptic
28
extracellular space
fluid-filled space between cells
29
axodendritic synapse
most common- axon terminal ends on dendrite spine
30
axosecretory synapse
axon terminal excretes directly into bloodstream (hypothalamus and pituitary)
31
axoaxonic synapse
axon terminal secretes into another axon
32
axoextracellular synapse
(temporary) axon terminal with no connection secretes into extracellular fluid
33
axosomatic synapse
axon terminal ends on soma
34
axosynaptic
axon terminal ends on another axon terminal
35
action potential
when membrane potential reaches -55 allowing a signal to pass down an axon.
36
resting potential
when membrane potential is at -70 and no signal/impulse is passed.
37
hyperpolarization
membrane potential goes more negative (prevents action potential- inhibitory)
38
depolarization
membrane potential becomes less negative (action potential more likely- between -70 and -55) excitatory
39
propagation
the electrical impulse rippling down the length of the axon
40
saltatory conduction
the "jumping" of an electrical impulse from one node of ranvier to another
41
ions
molecules with electric charge that get passed through axon
42
ion channels
-openings that allow sodium into the cell/axon -open when potential goes past -55 -inside of cell goes from negative to positive -sodium channels open at +30
43
ion pumps
pushes sodium out and brings potassium back in (brings membrane back to rest)
44
EPSP
"excitatory post-synaptic potential" (depolarization)
45
IPSP
"inhibitory post-synaptic potential" (hyper-polarization)
46
Summation
-temporal= one cell repeating excitatory potentials -spatial= taking info from multiple locations/cells
47
Myelin
lipid layer wrapping axon that speeds up process of chemical signal passing through axon.
48
Multiple Sclerosis
immune system attacks/breaks down myelin sheath causing scarring and damage to nerve
49
Peptides
chain of amino acids
50
amines
derivative of ammonia. -1 substitution=primary -2 substitutions=secondary -3 substitutions= tertiary
51
amino acids
combination of an amine and an acid -one side is + and the other side is -
52
Neurotransmitter synthesis
building a neurotransmitter! -local=built in axon terminal -peptides made in cell body (carried down axon)
53
axonal transport
motor proteins "walk" vesicles down the internal part of the axon (microtubials)
54
vesicular docking
snare proteins on neurotransmitter vesicle tangles with proteins on lining of axon terminal "docking" the vesicle at end of terminal
55
vesicular fusion
calcium signals axon to pull apart, opening the vesicle to release the neurotransmitters
56
G-protein Coupled receptors (GPCR)
-multiple steps (metabotropic) -postsynaptic -neurotransmitter hits bonding site or receptor, receptor sends G-proteins on inside of cell to trigger a signal-gated ion channel, opening this channel from the inside of the cell to allow ions to flow in.
57
Autoreceptors
-at axon terminal of presynaptic membrane. -determines how much neurotransmitter is released -sense messages from its own cell
58
Ligand binding
-channel opens if neurotransmitter attaches to binding site. (inotropic) -much faster!
59
Potential intracellular effects of metabotropic receptor activation
multiple other outcomes like synaptic plasticity and gene expression!
60
clearance of neurotransmitters by metabolism
enzymes break down the neurotransmitters
61
clearance of neurotransmitters by reuptake
transporters pull neurotransmitters back into cell to be recycled
62
clearance of neurotransmitters by diffusion
neurotransmitters float out of the synaptic gap. Not the best option since it can trigger other cell's receptors.
63
Dopamine
-amine, monamine, and catecholamine 1.nigrostriatal tract- in basal ganglia (motor control) 2.mesocortical tract- mid brain and cortex (attention) 3.mesolimbic tract-mid brain and limbic (motivation/learning) 4.tuberoinfundibular (lactation) *motivation, pleasure, satisfaction
64
Serotonin
-amine, monomine, indolamine -cell bodies located in brainstem -tryptophan= amino acid that helps produce serotonin (in food) -higher serotonin=more STABLE mood *appetite, social skills, sleep, cognition
65
Acetylcholine
-quaternary amine -nicotinic receptors=ionotropic, in brain and neuromuscular junctions, excitatory -Muscarinic receptors=metabotropic, inhibition or excitation *motor, attention, REM sleep, memory
66
Norepinephrine
-amine, monomine, catecholamine -aka "noradrenaline" -sympathetic nervous system!- increase blood pressure *excitation, anxiety, stress, attention, sexual behavior
67
Glutamate
-amino acid - MOSTLY excitatory/ionotropic -excitotoxicity=cell death resulting from excitatory amino acid -DISINHIBITION-GABA
68
GABA
-amino acid -balances glutamate -inhibitory -found in interneurons
69
Oxytocin
-neuropeptide, hormone -"tend and befriend" or "cuddle hormone" -increased during stress- why we feel the need to seek comfort in others
70
Gases
-nitric oxide and carbon monoxide -RETROGRADE (post to pre) -maintain synaptic plasticity
71
Ependymal cells
lines ventricles, produces cerebral spinal fluid
72
schwann cells
act as myelin in PNS
73
satellite cells
nutrients and protection (PNS)

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