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research methods > Neuro Exam 2 > Flashcards

Neuro Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal cord

A

Layers outside to inside:
-vertebra
-dura mater
-Arachnoid
-Pia mater
-spinal cord

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2
Q

dorsal roots

A

posterior- sensory info from peripheral nervous system to central nervous system

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3
Q

ventral roots

A

anterior- allows motor neurons to exist spinal cord

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4
Q

cranial nerves

A

in brain tied to our sense

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5
Q

spinal nerves

A

brain communicates with rest of the body through spinal nerves

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6
Q

somatic nervous system

A

motor and sensation

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7
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

consists of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems (involuntary physiological responses)

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8
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

“fight or flight”

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9
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

“rest and digest” reverse sympathetic and calm down your body

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10
Q

parts of neuron

A

-soma (body or center)
-dendrites (stem off of cell membrane)
-axon (arm reaching out of cell body)
-myelin sheaths (coat axon)
-nodes of ranvier (sections between myelin)
-terminals (branches off end of axon)

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11
Q

unipolar neuron

A

dendrite and axon (most basic and not found in human body)

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12
Q

bipolar neuron

A

axon with dendrites on either side of the soma (found in retina and set in a row)

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13
Q

multipolar neuron

A

2+ dendrites separate from axon (most popular)

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14
Q

pseudo-unipolar neuron

A

Dendrite and axon from single process that bifurcates (superrrrr long)

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15
Q

nuclei

A

cluster of neurons/cell bodies

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16
Q

bundles

A

cluster of axons

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17
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

provide MYELIN SHEATHS for central nervous system axons (CNS)

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18
Q

astrocyte

A

provides NUTRIENTS delivered by blood vessels (CNS)

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19
Q

microglia

A

IMMUNE defense (CNS)

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20
Q

neuronal communication

A

-chemical and electrical prompt each other
-chemical impulses trigger release of neurotransmitters

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21
Q

synapse

A

space between two cells that communicate with each other

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22
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

neuron that SENDS the message

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23
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

neuron that RECEIVES the message

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24
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical stored in presynaptic neuron

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25
Q

vesicle

A

sack holding the stored neurotransmitter

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26
Q

receptor

A

protein complex that catches neurotransmitter

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27
Q

diffusion

A

neurotransmitter freely floats from presynaptic to postsynaptic

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28
Q

extracellular space

A

fluid-filled space between cells

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29
Q

axodendritic synapse

A

most common- axon terminal ends on dendrite spine

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30
Q

axosecretory synapse

A

axon terminal excretes directly into bloodstream (hypothalamus and pituitary)

31
Q

axoaxonic synapse

A

axon terminal secretes into another axon

32
Q

axoextracellular synapse

A

(temporary) axon terminal with no connection secretes into extracellular fluid

33
Q

axosomatic synapse

A

axon terminal ends on soma

34
Q

axosynaptic

A

axon terminal ends on another axon terminal

35
Q

action potential

A

when membrane potential reaches -55 allowing a signal to pass down an axon.

36
Q

resting potential

A

when membrane potential is at -70 and no signal/impulse is passed.

37
Q

hyperpolarization

A

membrane potential goes more negative (prevents action potential- inhibitory)

38
Q

depolarization

A

membrane potential becomes less negative (action potential more likely- between -70 and -55) excitatory

39
Q

propagation

A

the electrical impulse rippling down the length of the axon

40
Q

saltatory conduction

A

the “jumping” of an electrical impulse from one node of ranvier to another

41
Q

ions

A

molecules with electric charge that get passed through axon

42
Q

ion channels

A

-openings that allow sodium into the cell/axon
-open when potential goes past -55
-inside of cell goes from negative to positive
-sodium channels open at +30

43
Q

ion pumps

A

pushes sodium out and brings potassium back in (brings membrane back to rest)

44
Q

EPSP

A

“excitatory post-synaptic potential” (depolarization)

45
Q

IPSP

A

“inhibitory post-synaptic potential” (hyper-polarization)

46
Q

Summation

A

-temporal= one cell repeating excitatory potentials
-spatial= taking info from multiple locations/cells

47
Q

Myelin

A

lipid layer wrapping axon that speeds up process of chemical signal passing through axon.

48
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

immune system attacks/breaks down myelin sheath causing scarring and damage to nerve

49
Q

Peptides

A

chain of amino acids

50
Q

amines

A

derivative of ammonia.
-1 substitution=primary
-2 substitutions=secondary
-3 substitutions= tertiary

51
Q

amino acids

A

combination of an amine and an acid
-one side is + and the other side is -

52
Q

Neurotransmitter synthesis

A

building a neurotransmitter!
-local=built in axon terminal
-peptides made in cell body (carried down axon)

53
Q

axonal transport

A

motor proteins “walk” vesicles down the internal part of the axon (microtubials)

54
Q

vesicular docking

A

snare proteins on neurotransmitter vesicle tangles with proteins on lining of axon terminal “docking” the vesicle at end of terminal

55
Q

vesicular fusion

A

calcium signals axon to pull apart, opening the vesicle to release the neurotransmitters

56
Q

G-protein Coupled receptors (GPCR)

A

-multiple steps (metabotropic)
-postsynaptic
-neurotransmitter hits bonding site or receptor, receptor sends G-proteins on inside of cell to trigger a signal-gated ion channel, opening this channel from the inside of the cell to allow ions to flow in.

57
Q

Autoreceptors

A

-at axon terminal of presynaptic membrane.
-determines how much neurotransmitter is released
-sense messages from its own cell

58
Q

Ligand binding

A

-channel opens if neurotransmitter attaches to binding site. (inotropic)
-much faster!

59
Q

Potential intracellular effects of metabotropic receptor activation

A

multiple other outcomes like synaptic plasticity and gene expression!

60
Q

clearance of neurotransmitters by metabolism

A

enzymes break down the neurotransmitters

61
Q

clearance of neurotransmitters by reuptake

A

transporters pull neurotransmitters back into cell to be recycled

62
Q

clearance of neurotransmitters by diffusion

A

neurotransmitters float out of the synaptic gap. Not the best option since it can trigger other cell’s receptors.

63
Q

Dopamine

A

-amine, monamine, and catecholamine
1.nigrostriatal tract- in basal ganglia (motor control)
2.mesocortical tract- mid brain and cortex (attention)
3.mesolimbic tract-mid brain and limbic (motivation/learning)
4.tuberoinfundibular (lactation)
*motivation, pleasure, satisfaction

64
Q

Serotonin

A

-amine, monomine, indolamine
-cell bodies located in brainstem
-tryptophan= amino acid that helps produce serotonin (in food)
-higher serotonin=more STABLE mood
*appetite, social skills, sleep, cognition

65
Q

Acetylcholine

A

-quaternary amine
-nicotinic receptors=ionotropic, in brain and neuromuscular junctions, excitatory
-Muscarinic receptors=metabotropic, inhibition or excitation
*motor, attention, REM sleep, memory

66
Q

Norepinephrine

A

-amine, monomine, catecholamine
-aka “noradrenaline”
-sympathetic nervous system!- increase blood pressure
*excitation, anxiety, stress, attention, sexual behavior

67
Q

Glutamate

A

-amino acid
- MOSTLY excitatory/ionotropic
-excitotoxicity=cell death resulting from excitatory amino acid
-DISINHIBITION-GABA

68
Q

GABA

A

-amino acid
-balances glutamate
-inhibitory
-found in interneurons

69
Q

Oxytocin

A

-neuropeptide, hormone
-“tend and befriend” or “cuddle hormone”
-increased during stress- why we feel the need to seek comfort in others

70
Q

Gases

A

-nitric oxide and carbon monoxide
-RETROGRADE (post to pre)
-maintain synaptic plasticity

71
Q

Ependymal cells

A

lines ventricles, produces cerebral spinal fluid

72
Q

schwann cells

A

act as myelin in PNS

73
Q

satellite cells

A

nutrients and protection (PNS)

research methods (5 decks)

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