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Neurology > Neuro Disorders > Flashcards

Neuro Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is Parkinson’s dz?

A

Degenerative disorder of CNS assoc w/ Lewy bodies & loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta

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2
Q

What are Lewy bodies composed of?

A

Alpha-synuclein intracellular inclusion

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3
Q

What are the sx of Parkinson’s dz?

A
  • Tremor
  • Cogwheel
  • Rigidity
  • Akinesia
  • Postural instability
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4
Q

What is Huntington’s dz?

A

AD CAG trinucleotide repeat disorder

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5
Q

What is Huntington’s dz char by?

A
  • Chorea
  • Aggression
  • Depression
  • Dementia
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6
Q

What causes neuronal death in Huntington’s dz?

A

NMDA-R binding & glutamate toxicity

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7
Q

What will be seen on imaging with Huntington’s dz?

A

Atrophy of striatal nuclei (main inhibitors of movement)

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8
Q

How does Hemiallismus present?

A

Sudden, wild flailing of 1 arm +/- ipsilateral leg

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9
Q

What is the char lesion of Hemiballismus?

A

Contralateral subthalamc nucleus

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10
Q

What is the presentation of Chorea?

A

Sudden, jerky, purposeless movements

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11
Q

What is the characteristic lesion of Chorea?

A

Basal ganglia

(Huntington’s)

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12
Q

What is the presentation of Athetosis?

A

Slow, writhing movements esp seen in fingers

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13
Q

What is the characteristic lesion of Athetosis?

A

Basal ganglia

(Huntington’s)

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14
Q

What is the presentation of Myoclonus?

A

Sudden, brief, uncontrolled muscle contraction

Jerks, hiccups, common in metabolic ABN such as renal & liver failure

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15
Q

What is the presentation of Dystonia?

A

Sustained, involuntary muscle contractions

Writer’s cramp, blepharospasm (sustained eyelid twitch)

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16
Q

What is the presentation of Essential tremor (postural tremor)?

A

Action tremor; exacerbated by holding posture/limb position

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17
Q

What causes Essential tremors?

A

Genetic predisposition

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18
Q

What do pt w/ essential tremors self medicate w/?

A

Alcohol

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19
Q

What is the tx for essential tremors?

A

Beta blockers or Primidone

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20
Q

What is the presentation of a Resting tremor?

A

Uncontrolled movement of distal appendages (Most nocticable in hands)

Tremor alleviated by intentional movement

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21
Q

What is the characteristic lesion of a Resting tremor?

A

Parkinson’s dz

22
Q

What is the presentation of an Intention tremor?

A

Slow, zigzag motion when pointing/extending toward a target

23
Q

What is the characteristic lesion of an Intention tremor?

A

Cerebellar dysfunction

24
Q

What is the consequence of a bilateral Amygdala lesion?

A

Klüver-Bucy syndrome–hyperolrality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior

25
Q

What is Amygdala lesion assoc w/?

A

HSV-1

26
Q

What is the consequence of a Frontal lobe lesion?

A

Disinhibition & deficits in concentration, orientation & judgement

May have reemergence of primitive reflexes

27
Q

What is the consequence of a Right Parietal lobe lesion?

A

Spatial neglect synd

(Agnosia of the contralateral side of the world)

28
Q

What is the consequence of a Reticular activating system (midbrain) lesion?

A

Reduced levels of arousal & wakefulness

29
Q

What is the consequence of a bilateral Mammillary body lesion?

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff synd

30
Q

What is Wernick-Korsakoff synd?

A

Confusion, opthalmoplegia, ataxia, confabulation, personality chagnes, memory loss (anterograde & retrograde amneisa)

31
Q

What is Wernicke-Korsakoff synd assoc w/?

A

Thiamine (B1) def & excessive alcohol use

32
Q

What can Wernicke-Korsacoff synd be precipiated by?

A

Giving glucose w/o B1 to a B1-def pt

33
Q

What is the consequence of a Basal ganglia lesion?

A

May result in tremor at rest, chorea or athetosis

(Parkinson’s dz)

34
Q

What is the consequence of a Cerebellar hemisphere lesion?

A

Intention tremor, limb ataxia, loss of balance & fall toward side of lesion

35
Q

What is the consequence of a Cerebellar vermis lesion?

A

Truncal ataxia & dysarthria

36
Q

What is the consequence of a Subthalamic nucleus lesion?

A

Contralateral hemiballismus

37
Q

What is the consequence of a Hippocampus lesion?

A

Anterograde amnesia–inability to make new memories

38
Q

What is the consequence of a Paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) lesion?

A

Eyes look away from side of lesion

39
Q

What is the consequence of a Frontal eye field lesion?

A

Eyes look toward lesion

40
Q

What is Central pontine myelinolysis?

A

Acute paralysis, dysarthria, dysphagia, diplopia & loss of consciousness

41
Q

What can Central pontine myelinolysis cause?

A

“Locked in syndrome”

42
Q

What causes Central pontine myelinolysis?

A

Commonly iatrogenic, caused by overly rapid correction of Na+ levels (hyponatremia)→ massive axonal demyelination in pontine white matter

43
Q

What is Aphasia?

A

Higher-order inability to speak (language deficit)

44
Q

What is Dysarthria?

A

Motor inability to speak (movement deficit)

45
Q

What is Broac’s aphasia?

A

Nonfluent aphasia w/ intact comprehension

46
Q

What is Broca’s area?

A

Inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe

47
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Fluent aphasia w/ impaired comprehension

48
Q

What is Wernicke’s area?

A

Superior temporal gyrus of temporal lobe

49
Q

What is Global aphasia?

A

Nonfluent aphasia w/ impaired comprehension

Both Broca’s & Wernicke’s areas affected

50
Q

What is Conduction aphasia?

A

Poor repetition but fluent speech, intact comprehension

51
Q

What causes Conduction aphasia?

A

Arcuate fasiculus

Neurology (9 decks)

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