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Neurology > Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the CNS/PNS origins?

A

Neuroectoderm, Neural crest & mesoderm

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2
Q

What cells originate from Neuroectoderm?

A
  • CNS neurons
  • Ependymal cells
  • Oligodendroglia
  • Astrocytes
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3
Q

What are Ependymal cells?

A

Inner lining of ventricles that make CSF

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4
Q

What cells originate from Neural crest?

A

PNS neurons & Schwann cells

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5
Q

What cells originate from Mesoderm?

A

Microglia

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6
Q

What are Neurons?

A

Signal-transmitting cells of the nervous system

Permanent cells–do NOT divide in adulthood

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7
Q

Which cells do Neurons signal-relay w/?

A
  • Dendrites (receive input)
  • Cell bodies
  • Axons (send output)
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8
Q

What does Nissl substance stain?

A

RER in cell bodies & dendrites

RER is NOT in axons

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9
Q

What does an axon undergo when it is injured?

A

Wallerian degeneration

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10
Q

What is Wallerian degeneration?

A

Degeneration distal to the injury & axonal retraction proximally

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11
Q

What does Wallerian degeneration allow for?

A

Potential regeneration of axon if in PNS

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12
Q

What do Astrocytes do?

A
  • Physical support
  • Repair K+ metabolism
  • Removal of excess neurotransmitter
  • Maintenance of BBB
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13
Q

What do Astrocytes do in response to injury?

A

Reactive gliosis

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14
Q

What is the marker for Astrocytes?

A

GFAP

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15
Q

What are Microglia?

A

CNS phagocytes w/ Mesodermal origin

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16
Q

Do microglia stain w/ Nissl stains?

A

No

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17
Q

What is the histology of Microglia?

A

Small irregular nuceli & relatively little cytoplasm

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18
Q

What do Microglia do?

A

Scavenger cells of the CNS

Respond to tissue damage by differentiating into large phagocytic cells

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19
Q

What happens to HIV-infected microglia?

A

Microglia fuse to from multinucleated giant cells in the CNS

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20
Q

What is Myelin?

A

Wraps & insulates axons→ Inc space constant & inc conduction velocity of signals transmitted down axons

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21
Q

What does Myelin result in?

A

Saltatory conduction of AP b/w nodes of Ranvier where there are high conc of Na+ channels

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22
Q

What are the Myelin cells of the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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23
Q

What are the Myelin cells of the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

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24
Q

What are oligodendroglia?

A

Each oligodendrocytes myelinates multiple CNS axons (up to 50 each)

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25
Q

What do Oligodendroglia look like on a Nissl stain?

A

Appear as small nuclei w/ dark chromatin & little cytoplasm

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26
Q

What is the predominate glial cell in white matter?

A

Oligodendroglia

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27
Q

What do Oligodendroglia look like on H&E stain?

A

Fried eggs

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28
Q

When can Oligodendroglia be destroyed?

A

Multiple Sclerosis

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29
Q

How man axons do Schwann cells myelinate?

A

1 PNS axon

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30
Q

What do Schwann cells promote?

A

axonal regeneration

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31
Q

When can Schwann cells be destroyed?

A

Guillain-Barre syndrome

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32
Q

What is Acoustic neuroma?

A

Type of Schwannoma

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33
Q

Where are Acoustic neuromas usually located?

A

Internal acoustic meatus (CN VIII)

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34
Q

What are free nerve endings?

A
  • C–slow, unmyelinated fibers
  • A delta–fast, myelinated fibers
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35
Q

Where are free nerve endings located?

A

All skin, epidermis, some viscera

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36
Q

What do free nerve endings sense?

A

Pain & temp

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37
Q

What are Meissner’s corpuscles?

A

Large, myelinated fibers

Adapt quickly

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38
Q

Where are Meissner’s corpuscles located?

A

Glabrous (hairless) skin

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39
Q

What do Meissner’s corpuscles sense?

A

Dynamic, fine/light touch

Position sense

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40
Q

What are Pacinian corpuscles?

A

Large, myelinated fibers

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41
Q

Where are Pacinian corpuscles located?

A

Deep skin layers, ligaments & joints

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42
Q

What do Pacinian corpuscles sense?

A

Vibration & pressure

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43
Q

What are Merkel’s discs?

A

Large, myelinated fibers

Adapt slowly

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44
Q

Where are merkel’s discs located?

A

Hair follicles

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45
Q

What do Merkel’s discs sense?

A

pressure, deep static touch & position sense

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46
Q

What is Endoneurium?

A

Invests single nerve fiber layers

(Inner)

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47
Q

What is the inflam infiltrate in Guillian-Biarre?

A

Endoneurium

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48
Q

What is Perineurium?

A

Surrounds a fascicle of nerve fibers

(around)

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49
Q

What must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment?

A

Perineurium

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50
Q

What is Epineurium?

A

Dense connective tissue that surrounds entire nerve (fasicles & BV)

(outer)

51
Q

What are the different kinds of neurotransmitters?

A
  • NE
  • Dopamine
  • 5-HT
  • ACh
  • GABA
52
Q

How does NE change in disease?

A
  • Inc in anxiety
  • Dec in depression
53
Q

Where is NE synthesized?

A

Locus creuleus (pons)

54
Q

What is Locus ceruleus involved in?

A

Sress & panic

55
Q

How does Dopamine change in dz?

A
  • Inc in Schizophrenia
  • Dec in Parkinson’s
  • Dec in depression
56
Q

Where is Dopamine synthesized?

A

Ventral tegmentum & SNc (midbrain)

57
Q

How does 5-HT change in dz?

A

Dec in anxiety & depression

58
Q

Where is 5-HT synthesized?

A

Raphe nucleus (pons)

59
Q

How does ACh change in dz?

A
  • Dec in Alzhemier’s
  • Dec in Huntington’s
  • Inc inc REM sleep
60
Q

Where is ACh synthesized?

A

Basal nucleus of Meynert

61
Q

How does GABA change in dz?

A

Dec in anxiety & Huntington’s

62
Q

Where is GABA synthesized?

A

Nucleus accumbens

63
Q

What are Nucleus accumbens & septal nucleus involved in?

A

Reward center, plesure, addiction & fear

64
Q

What is the Blood Brain Barrier?

A

Prevents circulating blood substances from reaching the CSF/CNS

65
Q

What are the 3 structures that form the BBB?

A
  • Tight junctions b/w nonfenestrated capillary endothelial cells
  • Basement membrane
  • Astrocyte foot processes
66
Q

How does glucose & aa cross the BBB?

A

Slowly by carrier mediated transport mech

67
Q

How do nonpolar/lipid-soluble substances cross the BBB?

A

Rapidly via diffusion

68
Q

What causes vasogenic edema?

A

Infarction &/or neoplasm destroys endothelial cell tight junctions

69
Q

What inputs/outputs permeate the BBB?

A

Hypothalamic

70
Q

What is the purpose of the BBB?

A

Prevent bacterial infection from spreading to CNS & restrict drug delivery to the brain

71
Q

Hypothalamus wears TAN HATS

A
  • Thirst & water balance
  • Adenohypophysis control (reg ant pit)
  • Neurohypophysis releases hormones
  • Hunger
  • Autonomic regulation
  • Sexual urges
72
Q

Inputs to the hypothalamus

A
  • OVLT (sense changes in osmolarity)
  • Area postrema (responds to emetics)
  • Areas no protected by BBB
73
Q

What lines areas not protected by the BBB?

A

Fenestrated capillaries that allow molecules to pass

74
Q

What makes ADH?

A

Supraoptic nucleus of the Hypothalamus

75
Q

What makes oxytocin?

A

Paraventricular nucleus of the Hypothalamus

76
Q

Where are ADH & oxytocin stored & released?

A

Posterior pituitary

77
Q

What does the Lateral area control?

A

Hunger

78
Q

What happens if the Lateral area is destroyed?

A

Anorexia or failure to thrive (infants)

79
Q

The Lateral area is ______ by Leptin

A

Inhibited

80
Q

What does the Ventromedial area control?

A

Satiety

81
Q

What happens if the Ventromedial area is destroyed?

A

Hyperphagia

ex) craniopharyngioma

82
Q

The Ventromedial area is _______ by Leptin

A

Stimulated

83
Q

What does the Anterior Hypothalamus control?

A

Cooling

PNS

84
Q

What does the Posterior hypothalamus control?

A

Heating

SNS

85
Q

What happens if the Posterio hypothalamus is destroyed?

A

Become poikioltherm

(cold blooded)

86
Q

What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus control?

A

Circadian rhythm

87
Q

The Neurohypophysis (post pit) receives hypothalamic axonal projections from ___ & ___.

A

Supraoptic (ADH) & paraventricular (oxytocin) nuclei

88
Q

What is the adenohypophysis?

A

Anterior Pituitary

89
Q

What is the Thalamus?

A

Major relay for all ascending sensory info except olfaction

90
Q

What are the 5 major Thalamic nuclei?

A
  • Ventral Posterior Lateral
  • Ventral Posterior Medial
  • Lateral Geniculate
  • Medial Geniculate
  • Ventral Lateral
91
Q

What is the input for the Ventral Posterior lateral (VPL) nucleus?

A

Spinothalamic & dorsal columns/medial lemniscus

92
Q

What info does the VPL interpret?

A
  • Pain
  • Temp
  • Pressure
  • Touch
  • Vibration
  • Proprioception
93
Q

Where is the destination for VPL nucleus info?

A

1° somatosensory cortex

94
Q

What is the input for the Ventral Posterior Medial (VPM) nucleus?

A

Trigeminal & gustatory pathway

95
Q

What infodo the VPM interpret?

A

Face sensation & taste

96
Q

Where is the destination for VPM nucleus info?

A

1° somatosensory cortex

97
Q

What is the input for the Lateral Geniculate nucleus (LGN)?

A

CN II

98
Q

What info does the LGN interpert?

A

Vision

99
Q

What is the destination for LGN info?

A

Calcarine sulcus

100
Q

What is the input for the Medial Geniculate nucleus (MGN)?

A

Superior olive & inferior colliculus of tectum

101
Q

What info does the MGN interpret?

A

Hearing

102
Q

What is the destination for MGN info?

A

Auditory cortex of temporal lobe

103
Q

What is the input for the Ventral Lateral nucleus (VLN)?

A

Basal ganglia

104
Q

What info does the VLN interpret?

A

Motor

105
Q

What is the destination for VLN info?

A

Motor cortex

106
Q

What is the Limbic system?

A

Collection of neural structures involved in emotion, LT memory, olfaction, behavior modulation & ANS function

107
Q

What structures are the included in the Limbic system?

A
  • Hippocampus
  • Amygdala
  • Fornix
  • Mammillary bodies
  • Cingulate gyrus
108
Q

What is the Limbic system responsible for?

A
  • Feeding
  • Fleeing
  • Fighting
  • Feeling
  • Sex
109
Q

What does the Cerebellum do?

A

Modulates movement

Aids in coordination & balance

110
Q

What is the input to the Cerebellum?

A
  • Contralateral cortex via middle cerebellar peduncle
  • Ipsilateral proprioceptive info via interior cerebella peduncle from the SC
111
Q

What are the input nerves to the Cerebellum?

A

Climbing & mossy fibers

112
Q

What is the output of the Cerebellum?

A
  • Sends info to contralateral cortex to modulate movement
  • Deep nuclei (lateral→ medial): Denate, Emboliform, Globose, Fastigial
113
Q

What are the output nerves of the Cerebellum?

A

Purkinge fibers send info to deep nuclei of cerebellum which in turns sends info to the contralateral crotex via the superior cerebellar peduncle

114
Q

What does the Lateral Cerebellum control?

A

Voluntary movement of extremeties

115
Q

What happens when the lateral cerebellum is injured?

A

Propensitiy to fall forward on ipsilateral side

116
Q

What does the Medial Cerebellum control?

A

Balance & truncal coordination

117
Q

What does the Basal ganglia do?

A

Important in voluntary movements & making postural adjustments

118
Q

What is the input to the Basal ganglia?

A

Cortex

119
Q

What is the output of the basal ganglia?

A

Provides negative feedback to cortex to modulate movement

120
Q

What is the Striatum of the Basal ganglia composed of?

A

Putamen (motor) & Cudate (cognitive)

121
Q

What is the Lentiform of the Basal ganglia composed of?

A

Putamen & globus pallidus

122
Q

What does the Excitatory pathway of the Basal ganglia do?

A

Cortical inputs stim the striatum→ stim the release of GABA→ disinhibits the thalamus via the GPi/SNR

(Inc motion)

123
Q

What does the Inhibitory pathway of the Basal ganglia do?

A

Cortical inputs stim the striatum→ disinhibits STN via GPe→ STN stim GPi/SNr to inhibit the thalamus

(Dec motion)

124
Q

What is the role of Dopamine in the basal ganglia?

A

Dopamine binds to D1→ stim the excitatory pathway & D2→ inhibiting the inhibitory pathway→ Inc motion

Neurology (9 decks)

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