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Neurology > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Notochord induce?

A

Overlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm & form the neural plate

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2
Q

What does the Neural plate give rise to?

A

Neural tube & neural crest cells

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3
Q

What does the Notochord become?

A

Nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc in adults

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4
Q

What is the Alar plate?

A

Dorsal & Sensory

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5
Q

What is the Basal plate?

A

Ventral & Motor

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6
Q

What is the forebrain?

A

Prosencephalon

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7
Q

What is the Midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

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8
Q

What is the Hindbrain?

A

Rhomobenchephalon

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9
Q

Which secondary vesicles does the Prosencephalon become?

A

Telencephalon & Diencephalon

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10
Q

Which 2° vesicles does the Mesencephalon become?

A

Mesencephalon

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11
Q

Which 2° vesicles does the Rhombencephalon become?

A

Metencephalon & Myelencephalon

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12
Q

What are the adult derivatives of Telencephalon?

A

Walls: Cerebral hemisphere

Cavities: Lateral ventricles

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13
Q

What are the adult derivatives of Diencephalon?

A

Walls: Thalamus

Cavities: Third ventricle

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14
Q

What are the adult derivatives of Mesencephalon?

A

Walls: Midbrain

Cavities: Aqueduct

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15
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the Metencephalon?

A

Walls: Pons & Cerebellum

Cavities: Upper part of 4th ventricle

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16
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the Myelencephalon?

A

Walls: Medulla

Cavities: Lower part of 4th ventricle

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17
Q

When do Neural Tube Defects occur?

A

Neuropores fail to fuse in the 4th week

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18
Q

What is a Neural Tube Defect?

A

Persistent connection b/w amniotic cavity & spinal canal

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19
Q

What are Neural Tube Defects assoc w/?

A

Low folic acid intake before conception & during pregnancy

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20
Q

What labs indicate a Neural Tube Defect?

A
  • Inc AFP in amniotic fluid & maternal serum
  • Inc AChE in amniotic fluid (confirmatory test)
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21
Q

What is Spina bifida occulta?

A

Failure of bony spinal canal to close, but no structural herniation. Dura is intact

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22
Q

Where is Spina bifida usually located?

A

Lower vertebral levels

23
Q

What is Spina bifida assoc w/?

A

Tuft of hair or skin dimple at level of bony defect

24
Q

What is Menigeocele?

A

Meninges (but not SC) herniate through spinal canal defect

25
Q

What is Meningomyelocele?

A

Meninges & SC hernicate through spinal canal defect

26
Q

What are the forebrain anomalies?

A

Anencephaly & Holoprosencephaly

27
Q

What is Anencephaly?

A

Malformation of anterior neural tube resulting in no forebrain, open calvarium (“frog-like appearance”)

28
Q

What are the clinical findings in Anencephaly?

A
  • Inc AFP
  • Polyhydraminos (no swallowing center in brain)
29
Q

What is Holoprosencephaly?

A

Failure of left & right hemispheres to separate

30
Q

When does Holoprosencephaly occur?

A

Weeks 5-6

31
Q

What causes Holoprosencephaly?

A

Complex multifactorial etiology that may be related to mutations in sonic hedgehop signaling pathway

32
Q

What is the moderate form of Holoprosencephaly?

A

cleft lip/palate

33
Q

What is the most severe form of Holoprosencephaly?

A

Cyclopia

34
Q

What is Anencephaly assoc w/?

A

Maternal Type I diabetes

35
Q

What dec the risk of Anencephaly?

A

Maternal folate supplementation

36
Q

What are the Posterior fossa malformations?

A

Chiari II (Arnold-Chiari malformation) & Dandy-Walker

37
Q

What is Chiari II (Arnold-Chiari malformation)?

A

Significant cerebellar tonsillar & vermian herniation through foramen magnum w/ aqueductal stenosis & hydrocephalus

38
Q

How does Chiari II (Arnold-Chiari malformation) present?

A

Thoraco-lumbar myelomeningocele & paralysis below the defect

39
Q

What is Dandy-Walker malformation?

A

Agenesis of cerebellar vermis w/ cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle (fills the enlarged posterior fossa)

40
Q

What are Dandy-Walker malformations assoc w/?

A

Hydrocephalus & spina bifida

41
Q

What is Syringomyelia?

A

Cystic enlargement of central canal of spinal cord

42
Q

What is usually damaged first in Syringomyelia?

A

Crossing fibers of spinothalamic tract

43
Q

What does Syringomyelia result in?

A

“Cape-like” bilateral loss of pain & temp senstation in UE (fine touch sensation is perserved)

44
Q

What is Syrinx?

A

Tube as in syringe

45
Q

What is Syringomyelia assoc w/?

A

Chiari I malformation (>3-5mm cerebellar tonsillar ectopia)

46
Q

What location is Syringomyelia MC in?

A

C8-T1

47
Q

Which brachial arch form the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

1st brachial arch

48
Q

Which cranial nerve does sensation for anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

CN V3

49
Q

Which cranial nerve does taste for anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

CN VII

50
Q

Which brachial arches form the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

3rd & 4th brachial arches

51
Q

Which cranial nerve controls sensation & taste of the posterior tongue?

A

CN IX

(extreme posterior CN X)

52
Q

Which cranial nerve controls motor innervation of the tongue?

A

CN XII

53
Q

What are the muscles of the tongue derived from?

A

Occipital myotomes

Neurology (9 decks)

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