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neurology > Brain stem & Cranial nerves > Flashcards

Brain stem & Cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Pineal gland control?

A

Melatonin secretion & circadian rhythms

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2
Q

What does the Superior colliculi control?

A

Conjugate verticle gaze center

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3
Q

What does the Inferior colliculi control?

A

Auditory

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4
Q

What is Parinuad synd?

A

Paralysis of conjugate verticle gaze d/t lesion in superior colliculi

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5
Q

What is the function of Olfactory CN I?

A

Smell

Sensory

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6
Q

What is the only CN w/o thalamic relay to cortex?

A

CN I

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7
Q

What is the function of Optic CN II?

A

Sight

Sensory

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8
Q

What are the functions of Oculomotor CN III?

A
  • Eye movement
  • Pupillary constriction
  • Accomodation
  • Eyelid opening
  • Motor CN
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9
Q

Which muscles does the Oculomotor CN III control?

A
  • Superior rectus
  • Infertior rectus
  • Medial rectus
  • Inferior oblique
  • Levator palpebrae
  • Sphincter pupillae
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10
Q

What is the function of the Trochlear CN IV?

A

Eye movement (superior oblique)

Motor

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11
Q

What are the functions of the Trigeminal CN V?

A
  • Masicuation
  • Fascial sensation
  • Somatosensation from anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • Both motor & sensory
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12
Q

What is the function of Abducens CN VI?

A

Eye movement (lateral rectus)

Motor

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13
Q

What are the functions of Facial CN VII?

A
  • Facial movement
  • Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • Lacrimation
  • Salivation (submandibular & sublingular glands)
  • Eyelid closing (orbicularis oculi)
  • Stapedius muscle in ear
  • Both motor & sensory
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14
Q

What are the functions of Vestibulochlear CN VIII?

A

Hearing & balance

Sensory

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15
Q

What are the functions of Glossopharyngeal CN IX?

A
  • Taste & somatosensation from posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • Swallowing
  • Salivation (parotid gland)
  • Monitoring carotid body & sinus chemo- & baroreceptors
  • Stylopharyngeus (elevates larynx, pharynx)
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16
Q

What are the functions of Accessory CN XI?

A
  • Head turning
  • Shoulder shrugging (SCM, trapezius)
  • Motor
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17
Q

What is the function of Hypoglossal CN XII?

A

Tongue movement

Motor

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18
Q

Which CN nuclei are in the Midbrain?

A

CN III & IV

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19
Q

Which CN nuclei are in the Pons?

A

CN V, VI, VII, VIII

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20
Q

Which CN nuclei are in the Medulla?

A

CN IX, X, XII

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21
Q

Which CN nuclei are in the Spinal cord?

A

CN XI

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22
Q

Which CN exit the base of the brain & not the brain stem?

A

CN I & II

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23
Q

What are the Lateral nuclei?

A

Sensory

(Alar plate)

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24
Q

What are the medial nuceli?

A

Motor

(Basal plate)

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25
Q

Which CN’s are involved in the Corenal reflex?

A
  • Afferent: V1 ophthalmic (nasociliary branch)
  • Efferent: VII (temporal branch: orbicularis oculi)
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26
Q

Which CN’s are involved in the Lacrimation reflex?

A
  • Afferent: V1 (loss of reflex does not preclude emotional tears)
  • Efferent: VII
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27
Q

Which CN’s are involved in the Jaw jerk reflex?

A
  • Afferent: V3 (sensory–muscle spind from masseter)
  • Efferent: V3 (motor–masseter)
28
Q

Which CN are involved in the Pupillary reflex?

A
  • Afferent: II
  • Efferent: III
29
Q

Which CN are involved in the Gag reflex?

A
  • Afferent: IX
  • Efferent: X
30
Q

What are the Vagal nuclei?

A
  • Nucleus soliatrius
  • Nucleus ambiguus
  • Dorsal motor nucleus
31
Q

What is the Nucleus solitarius?

A

Visceral sensory info

CN VII, IX, X

32
Q

What is the Nucleus ambiguus?

A

Motor innervation of pharynx, larynx & upper esophagus

CN IX, X

33
Q

What is the Dorsal motor nucleus?

A

Sends PNS fibers to heart, lungs & upper GI

CN X

34
Q

What passes through the Cribriform plate?

A

CN I

35
Q

What passes through the Middle cranial fossa?

A

CN II-VI through sphenoid bone

36
Q

What passes through the Optic canal?

A

CN II, opthalamic artery & central retinal vein

37
Q

What passes through the Superior orbital fissure?

A
  • CN III, IV, V1, VI
  • Ophthalmic vein
  • Sympathetic fibers
38
Q

What passes through the Foramen Rotundum?

A

CN V2

39
Q

What passes through the Foramen Ovale?

A

CN V3

40
Q

What passes through the Foramen Spinosum?

A

Middle meningeal artery

41
Q

What passes through the Posterior cranial fossa?

A

CN VII-XII through temporal or occipital bone

42
Q

What passes through the Internal auditory meatus?

A

CN VII, VIII

43
Q

What passes through the Jugular foramen?

A

CN IX, X, XI, jugular vein

44
Q

What passes through the Hypoglossal canal?

A

CN XII

45
Q

What passes through the Foramen magnum?

A

Spinal roots of CN XI, brain stem, vertebral arteries

46
Q

What is the Cavernous sinus?

A

A collection of venous sinuses on either side of the pituitary

Blood from eye & superficial cortex→ cavernous sinus→ internal juglar vein

47
Q

What structures pass through the Cavernous sinus?

A
  • CN III, IV, V1, V2, VI
  • Postganglionic sympathetic fibers to orbit
  • Cavernous portion of internal carotid artery
48
Q

What is Cavernous sinus syndrome?

A

Opthalmoplegia & dec corneal/maxillary sensation w/ normal vision d/t mass effect, fistula or thrombosis

49
Q

What is the CN V motor lesion?

A

Jaw deviates TOWARD side of lesion d/t unopposed force from opposite pterygoid muscle

50
Q

What is CN X lesion?

A

Uvula deviates AWAY from side of lesion

Weak side collapses & uvual points away

51
Q

What is CN XI lesion?

A

Weakness turning head to contralateral side of lesion (SCM)

Shoulder droop on side of lesion (trapezius)

52
Q

What is CN XII lesion (LMN)?

A

Tongue deviates TOWARD side of lesion (“lick your wounds”) d/t weakened tongue muscles on the affected side

53
Q

What are the findings in Conductive hearing loss?

A
  • Rinne test: ABN (bone>air)
  • Weber test: Localizes to affected ear
54
Q

What are the findings in Sensorineural hearing loss?

A
  • Rinne test: Normal (Air>bone)
  • Weber test: Localizes to unaffected ear
55
Q

What is damaged in Noise-induced hearing loss?

A

Stereocilliated cells in organ of Corti

56
Q

What is lost first in Noise-induced hearing loss?

A

High-frequency hearing

57
Q

What is the cause of Noise-induced hearing loss?

A

Sudden extremely loud noise can produce hearing loss d/t typmanic membrane rupture

58
Q

What is a Facial UMN lesion?

A

Lesion of motor cortex or connection b/w cortex & facial nucleus

59
Q

What are the clinical findings in Facial UMN lesions?

A

Contralateral paralysis of lower face

Forehead spaced d/t bilateral UMN innervation

60
Q

What are the clinical findings in Facial LMN lesions?

A

Ipsilateral paralysis of upper & lower face

61
Q

What is Facial nerve palsy?

A

Complete destruction of the facial nucleus itself or its branchial efferent fibers (facial nerve proper)

62
Q

What are the clinical findings of Facial nerve palsy?

A

Peripheral ipsilateral facial paralysis w/ inability to close eye on invovled side

63
Q

What is idiopathic Facial nerve palsy?

A

Bell’s palsy

gradual recovery in most cases

64
Q

What disorders is Facial nerve palsy seen as a complication?

A
  • AIDs
  • Lyme dz
  • HSV
  • Herpes zoster (less common)
  • Sacroidosis
  • Tumors
  • Diabetes
65
Q

Which muscles close the jaw?

A
  • Masseter
  • Temporalis
  • Medial pterygoid
66
Q

Which muscle opens the jaw?

A

Lateral pterygoid

67
Q

What are the muscles of the jaw innervated by?

A

Trigeminal nerve (V3)

neurology (9 decks)

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