neuro disorders 2

Question 1

mechanism of generalized absence epilepsy

Answer 1

circuits between thalamus and cortex, T neuron excites C neuron but is dependent on T-Ca channel.

Question 2

drug that strengthens GABA inhibition

Answer 2

benzodiazapine

Question 3

responsible for emotional valence to pain sensation

Answer 3

limbic system

Question 4

Three sensory fibers of cutaneous nerve

Answer 4

AB - light touch
AS - rapid conduction of Pain
C- - slow conduction of pain

Question 5

AB and AS cutaneous fibers use what transmitter?

Answer 5

Glutamate

Question 6

C- pain fibers use what transmitters?

Answer 6

Glutamate and substance P

Question 7

Region of the midbrain that is partly mediated by opioids (mainly Enkephalin)

Answer 7

Periaqueductal gray region (PAG)

Question 8

principal site for synthesis of NE

Answer 8

locus ceruleus

Question 9

How is pain blunted endogenously?

Answer 9

Descending pathway - PAG neurons, NE, and Serotonin project from brain to spinal cord dorsal horn

Question 10

How does enkephalin inhibit pain transmission

Answer 10

binds to presynaptic receptors and reduces release of glutamate and substance P from nocioceptors.

Question 11

How do serotonin and NE inhibit pain transmission?

Answer 11

directly inhibits spinothalamic neuron

Question 12

dorsal horn neurons become sensitized by glutamate and substance P.

Answer 12

Central Sensitization resulting in allodynia

Question 13

Nociceptive terminals become sensitized by prostaglandins, bradykinin, substance p developing lowered thresholds for activation

Answer 13

Peripheral sensitization resulting in hyperalgesia

Question 14

Abnormal firing of nociceptive fibers in the absence of any stimulation

Answer 14

Neuropathic pain

Question 15

Arm flexor rigidity

Leg extensor rigidity

Answer 15

Decorticate posture

Question 16

TBI results in bilateral loss of motor cortex while sparing brain stem

Answer 16

Decorticate posture

Question 17

TBI increases intracranial pressure causing loss of midbrain red nucleus function

Answer 17

Decerebrate posture

Question 18

Arms and legs are rigidly held in extensor position

Answer 18

Decerebrate posture

Question 19

lack of quality control over movements can promote fatigue in ______ disorders

Answer 19

cerebellar

Question 20

patient presents with slurred speech, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia

Answer 20

cerebellar disorder

Question 21

deficits of controlled movements, postural instability, ataxia

Answer 21

cerebellar disorder

Question 22

Amygdala activity suppresses prefrontal modulation - activates brainstem amines DA and NE

Answer 22

fight or flight response

Bottom up behavior regulation

Question 23

PFC subdivisions contribute to appraisal and reflective reactions to challenges and stressors

Answer 23

Top Down behavioral regulation

Question 24

PFC subdivision: cognitive processing, memory, Executive function, decision making

Answer 24

Dorsolateral

Question 25

PFC subdivision: Gut feelings, appetite, reward - social/emotion linked decisions

Answer 25

Orbitofrontal cortex

Question 26

PFC subdivision: Connects with amygdala and brainstem, generates autonomic response to stress - part of “bottom-up” response to negative emotions

Answer 26

Medial PFC