neuro Flashcards
amino acid used to build proteins
glutamate
Major glutamate ionotropic receptors
AMPA
NMDA
Activation increases sodium and calcium permeability leading to rapid depolarization and increased intracellular calcium
NMDA )n-methyl-D-aspartate
Activation increases sodium permeability leading to rapid depolarization
AMPA (a-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate)
Causes rapid depolarization and action potential generation in postsynaptic neurons
Glutamate
the main excitatory transmitter of the brain
Glutamate
Ligand-gated ion channels
ionotropic receptors
receptors with selectivity for sodium, potassium, or calcium
Excitatory ionotropic receptors
G-protein-coupled receptors that create slower changes in membrane potential
Metabotropic receptors
Receptors selective for chloride
Inhibitory ionotropic receptors
principal inhibitory transmitter
GABA
slow transmission with only metabotropic receptors
Amines and peptides (expect 5-HT type 3 serotonin)
neurotransmitters with rapid transmission by ionotropic receptors responsible for sensory, motor, reflex
Glutamate, GABA, Acetylcholine
neuromuscular transmission, parasympathetic visceral control, central modulatory actions
Acetylcholine
motor, endocrine, motivational control
Dopamine
Sympathetic visceral control, central arousal, stress responses
Norepinephrine
Central food intake regulation, arousal, mood modulation
Serotonin
initiates the wake state
Histamine
two main postsynaptic GABA receptors
GABAa - Ionotropic with pore permeable to chloride
GABAb - metabotropic with inhibitory effects due to K+ channel opening and Ca+ channel closing
Potential mechanisms of Epilepsy
Too much excitation - excessive glutamate - sodium and calcium channels
Too little inhibition - inadequate GABA - reduced activity of chloride and potassium channels
rapid and abundant AMINO ACID transmitters
Glutamate and GABA
Amine Transmitters
Acetylcholine
catecholamine (DA and NE)
Serotonin (5-HT)
Histamine