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3rd year psych > Neuro Chapters 1 > Flashcards

Neuro Chapters 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is brain plasticity?

A

The CNS changes through our entire life

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2
Q

What is the order of neural plate induction (3 steps)

A

Neural plate -> Neural Groove -> Neural Tube

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3
Q

What are the four types of stem cell differentiations?

A

Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent
Unipotent

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4
Q

What are totipotent stem cells?

A

They can become any cell in the body

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5
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells?

A

Stem cells that can become many but not all cell types

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6
Q

What is the difference between totipotent and pluripotent cells?

A

Relocating a totipotent cell will form a new embryo (twin)

Relocating a multipotent cell will cause tissue formation in the wrong place

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7
Q

What are multipotent stem cells?

A

Cells found in neural tube and neural crest.

Can only develop into certain cell types within a class

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8
Q

What is neural proliferation?

A

An increase in total number of cells through growth and division

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9
Q

When does neural proliferation peak?

A

When the neural tube closes.

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10
Q

What are the 4 types of cell migration?

A

Radial

Tangential

Multipolar (both)

Chemically guided

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11
Q

What molecules help with cell migration recognition and adhesion?

A

Cell adhesion molecules

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12
Q

What is Kallmann syndrome?

A

Abnormal genitals and smell due to genetic mutations impacting CAM proteins.

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13
Q

Where does axon growth cone start?

A

Axon growth cone

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14
Q

What is the chemoaffinity hypothesis?

A

Neurons make connections with their targets based on interactions with specific molecular markers

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15
Q

What is the topographic gradient hypothesis?

A

Two intersecting gradients (up-down and left-right) of chemicals on the originating tissue guide axonal growth from one topographic array (such as a retina) to another (the optic tectum)

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16
Q

What are the key cells in synaptogenesis?

A

Astrocytes

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17
Q

Why are cells overproduced during proliferation?

A

Neurons that make incorrect connections die and accurate ones are kept alive.

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18
Q

What is apoptosis vs necrosis?

A

Clean vs dirty cell death

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19
Q

What are neurotrophins?

A

they regulate the development, maintenance, and function of the nervous systems

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20
Q

What was the first neurotrophin to be isolated?

A

Nerve growth factor

21
Q

What are the key developing events of postnatal development? (4 events)

A

Dendritic Branching

Synaptogenesis

Myelination

Regressive changes (pruning)

22
Q

What is the last region of the brain to develop postnatal-ly?

A

Prefrontal cortex

23
Q

What is error perseveration?

A

Kids 7-12 months cant unlearn a learned response when its wrong

(candy in right hand, kid picks right hand, put candy in left hand, kid will keep picking right hand)

24
Q

When does error perseveration occur in adults?

A

When the frontal lobe isn’t functioning properly

25
Q

Why are adolescence more risky than adults?

A

They overvalue reward

26
Q

What are the chemical explanations for difference in behavior in teens?

A

Enhanced dopamine sensitivity

Enhanced oxytocin sensitivity

27
Q

Where does adult neurogenesis take place?

A

Olfactory Bulb

Dentate Gyrus

28
Q

What are the functions of neurogenesis in adults?

A

Memory formation

Pattern separation (distinguish between memories)

Adaptation and regulation

29
Q

What intrinsic factors promote neurogenesis in adults?

A

Hormones

Injury

Aging

Neurotrophins

30
Q

What extrinsic factors promote adult neurogenesis

A

Environment

Social interaction

Diet

Sleep

31
Q

What is the one potential use of cortical reorganization in adults?

A

Recovery from stroke

32
Q

What is autism disorder?

A

Occurs in 1/68 people

Reduced capacity for social interaction

Restricted/repetitive behavior

75% males

33
Q

Functions of autistic people can be…

A

Functions can be impaired, normal or improved

34
Q

What is usually preserved with autism?

A

Rote memory

Musical ability

Jigsaw puzzles?

35
Q

What is an autistic savant?

A

Autistic person with amazing cognitive or artistic ability

36
Q

What are examples of autistic savant activities?

A

Naming dates

Number skills

Musical talent

Artistic talent

37
Q

Is autism genetic?

A

Maybe. 5% correlation in siblings

60% in MONOZYGOTIC twins

5% cases explained by a single genetic mutation

38
Q

Genetic factors ___ with the environment triggering autism

A

interact

39
Q

What is thalidomide?

A

Medication prescribed for morning sickness

Caused birth defects, cognitive effects, and autism

40
Q

What are some neurological phenotype differences of people with autism?

A

Impaired face recognition

Reduced activation of mirror neuron system

41
Q

What are the differences of brain growth in autistic people

A

Slower brain growth age 1-5

Faster brain growth age 6-14

Brain size is no different compared to normal persons brain by adolescence.

42
Q

what is the connection between oxytocin and Autism?

A

Kids with autism have reduced plasma oxytocin levels

Oxytocin administration only helped some symptoms (eye contact, socialization, communication)

43
Q

What is Williams syndrome?

A

Occurs in 1-7500 people

Very low IQ (<55)

Amazing language ability, very sociable, usually musically talented

44
Q

Individuals with williams syndrome have ___ features

A

elf like

45
Q

Indicators of williams syndrome include:

A

Spatial cognition impairment

Health problems, usually cardiac

Emotional immaturity

46
Q

What is the genetic marker of williams syndrome?

A

Deletion of chromosome 7

Deletes the gene for elastin

47
Q

What percent of people with williams syndrome lack the elastin gene?

A

95%

48
Q

What are anatomical markers for williams syndrome?

A

Small occipital and parietal cortex

Normal frontal and temporal cortex

Changes in limbic system

49
Q

What can we learn from comparing autism and williams syndrome?

A

Autism is a somewhat common condition, sometimes an intellectual disability, linked to several genes

Williams syndrome is a rare condition, linked to genes on chromosome 7, always an intellectual disability

3rd year psych (4 decks)

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