Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

3rd year psych > Neuro chapter 2 > Flashcards

Neuro chapter 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Brain tumors are also called ___

A

neoplasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a meningioma?

A

Brain tumor encased in meninges

Usually benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a neuroma?

A

A benign encapsulated tumor growing on a nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is an infiltrating brain tumor?

A

Malignant tumors that grow diffusely through tissue.

Difficult to remove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are metastatic tumors?

A

Tumors that originate elsewhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a stroke?

A

A sudden-onset cerebrovascular event that causes brain damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the infarct?

A

The dead or dying tissue at the area of the stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the penumbra?

A

The damaged tissue surrounding the infarct (immediate damage zone) in a stroke.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which one is savable, the infarct or the penumbra?

A

The penumbra, with immediate attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A hemorrhage causes __ % of strokes

A

13

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a brain hemorrhage?

A

Blood vessel rupturing in the brain

The aneurysm is the weakened point in the blood vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What causes the damage of a brain hemorrhage?

A

Free floating blood breaks down, forming free radicals which degrade lipid membranes and damage DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Free radicals from cerebral hemorrhage

______ breaks down, forming ____ which reacts with iron to make ____ radicals

A

Oxyhemoglobin breaks down, forming hydrogen peroxide, which reacts with iron forming hydroxyl radicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is ischemia?

A

A disruption of blood supply to the brain (causes most strokes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are thrombosis?

A

Blood clots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are embolisms?

A

Blood clots that form because a “plug” moves to block a smaller vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

Thickening artery wall, usually from fat, causing an ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are brain stents?

A

Metal mesh that can open up an artery, cant use them in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the expected damage of an ischemic stroke?

A

Slow time to develop
Depends on the brain area
Blood deprived brain regions release glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the glutamate cascade in a stroke?

A

Dying cells release glutamate

Glutamate stimulates cells causing influx of Na and Ca2+

This kills cells

Dying cells release glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do you combat ischemic stroke damage?

A

Thrombolysis

Endovascular therapy

NMDA antagonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are closed head injuries?

A

Injuries that don’t penetrate the skull

Direct or contrecoup

Contusions, concussions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are contusions?

A

Closed head injuries that involve bruises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are concussions?

A

Closed head injury with no structural damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is coup vs contrecoup injuries?

A

If I hit my head on a wall

Coup = brain hitting front of skull

Contrecoup = brain hitting back of skull after hitting front of skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Symptoms of a concussion include:

A

Lack of consciousness (sometimes)

Cognitive damage
Somatic damage
Affective damage
Sleep issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is CTE

A

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

Multiple concussions

“Punch Drunk Syndrome”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is proof of chronic traumatic encephalopathy?

A

multiple concussions have lead to a 400% increase in neurodegenerative disorders in NFL players

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is encephalitis?

A

Inflammation of the brain from microorganisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What can cause encephalitis?

A

Bacteria

Viruses

Parasites

Fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

A brain abscess is a…

A

pocket of pus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Meningitis is a bacterial infection resulting in

A

Inflammation of the meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Abscesses and meningitis can be treated with

A

antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is an example of a viral infection that attacks neural tissue?

A

Rabies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are neurotoxins?

A

toxins that are destructive to nerve tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Exogenous neurotoxins are…

A

toxins that enter general circulation from the outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Endogenous neurotoxins are…

A

toxins that originate from inside the body

(glutamate in stroke victims is an endogenous neurotoxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Lead, Mercury, and Venoms are examples of

A

exogenous neurotoxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Toxic psychosis is

A

psychosis resulting from exposure to neurotoxins (lead/mercury poisoning)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is tardive dyskinesia?

A

Involuntary motion caused by some antipsychotics

An example of the effects of exogenous neurotoxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are genetic factors of brain damage rare and usually recessive?

A

Our monkey ancestors with down syndrome didn’t live long or have kids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is an example of a genetic brain damage condition?

A

Down syndrome

Caused by extra chromosome 21

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are characteristics of down syndrome?

A

Health problems

Intellectual disability

Facial and musculoskeletal features

44
Q

What is epilepsy?

A

A condition characterized by recurring seizures of endogenous origin.

45
Q

What is the rate of epilepsy in the population?

A

4%

46
Q

What causes epilepsy?

A

Brain damage

Inflammation

Genetic component

47
Q

How do we diagnose epilepsy?

A

With an EEG

Electroencephalogram

48
Q

What does a seizure look like on an electroencephalogram (EEG)?

A

Bursts of high amplitude spikes of neuron activity

49
Q

What are features of epilepsy?

A

There are subtle signs (mood, behavior, thoughts) and physical signs (convulsions, rigidity, or loss of consciousness

50
Q

What are the 2 types of focal seizures?

A

Simple and complex seizures are the 2 types of focal seizures

51
Q

What are the 2 types of general seizures?

A

Absence and Clonic-tonic seizures

52
Q

What are different names for absence and clonic-tonic seizures respectively?

A

Petit mal and grand mal

53
Q

Simple seizures are characterized by…

A

Sensory or motor symptoms usually, sometimes both

54
Q

Simple seizures ____ through _____

A

Simple seizures spread through different brain regions

55
Q

Complex seizures are restricted to the ____

A

Temporal lobe

56
Q

Complex seizures cause patients to engage in….

A

Compulsive and repetitive simple behaviors. Almost normal behavior

57
Q

Grand mal seizures are characterized by…

A

Loss of consciousness and convulsions.

58
Q

Tonic stands for..

A

Rigidity

59
Q

Clonic stands for…

A

Tremors

60
Q

How can tonic-clonic seizures cause brain damage?

A

They may result in hypoxia

61
Q

Absence seizures are…

A

not associated with convulsions. Like spacing out for a few seconds but more serious

62
Q

What are auras in epilepsy?

A

Peculiar subjective experiences that precede seizures (smell, feelings, hallucinations)

63
Q

The nature of an epileptic seizure can suggest the…

A

brain region of the seizure

64
Q

Parkinson’s disease is a rare disease characterized by….

A

Dysfunctional motor capabilities (tremors, slow movement, reduced facial expression)

65
Q

there is ____ cause of parkinson’s

A

no single

66
Q

Parkinson’s is caused by degeneration of…

A

dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra

67
Q

what is the result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra?

A

Loss of dopamine released in the striatum of the basal ganglia

68
Q

Autopsies of Parkinson’s patients reveals…

A

Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra

69
Q

L-dopa helps with Parkinsons because it is a…

A

dopamine agonist

70
Q

80% of cases of parkinson’s are idiopathic meaning…

A

there is no specific known cause

71
Q

The most common gene linked to parkinson’s is…

A

PRKN gene

72
Q

Genes that are less common causes of parkinson’s are…

A

Alpha-synuclein (SNCA)

Dardarin protein (LRRK2)

73
Q

What is Alpha-synuclein gene?

A

The main component of lewy bodies, which contribute to parkinsons.

74
Q

What is MPTP and what does it do?

A

MPTP = synthetic heroin

Causes cell loss in the substantia nigra and reduced dopamine release in the striatum

75
Q

What is huntington’s disease?

A

Very rare progressive motor disorder, middle aged onset, caused by single dominant gene.

76
Q

What makes huntington’s disease special?

A

Huntington’s disease is genetic and dominant, it sets in around 40 and kills within 15 years. It isn’t curable

77
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

The progressive loss of CNS myelin

Literally means multiple harending

78
Q

What are symptoms of MS?

A

Muscle weakness, numbness, impaired motor coordination

79
Q

Is there a cure to MS?

A

Not currently, but immunomodulators may slow progress

80
Q

What are some potential causes of MS?

A

There is a genetic component

Environment may play a role. (Lifestyle, infections, and climate can increase risk)

81
Q

Corticosteroids help in the treatment of MS by:

A

reducing inflammation

82
Q

Alzheimers is the most common cause of…

A

dimentia

83
Q

Alzheimers is more common…

A

in women and as you get older

84
Q

There is a high correlation between alzheimers rates and what condition?

A

down syndrome

85
Q

A definitive diagnosis of alzheimers can only be given..

A

during an autopsy

86
Q

What are the 3 stages of alzheimer’s?

A

Preclinical phase

Prodromal phase

Dementia phase

87
Q

What occurs in the preclinical phase of alzheimer’s?

A

Some neuropathy presents itself but no symptoms begin to show

88
Q

What occurs in the prodromal phase of Alzheimer’s

A

Mild cognitive impairment begins to show

Confusion, memory and attention issues

89
Q

What occurs in the dementia stage of alzheimers?

A

serious memory and attention issues

personality changes

Massive neurological impairment (bladder control, motor control)

90
Q

What are the 2 proteins that are related to the onset of alzheimers?

A

Tau and amyloid proteins

91
Q

Tau proteins clump together ___ the cell

A

Inside the cell

92
Q

Amyloid plaques (proteins) clump together ___ the cell

A

outside the cell

93
Q

What can reduce the symptoms of alzheimers?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh) agonists help but do not cure it.

Immunotherapy against amyloid proteins is promising

94
Q

Is neural regeneration common in “higher” vertebrates?

A

No, its not observed in the CNS at all and is rarely observed in the PNS

95
Q

Why is neural regeneration seen in PNS but not CNS?

A

PNS has schwann cells that promote neural regeneration.

CNS has oligodendroglia which inhibit regeneration.

96
Q

Neural reorganization can be a result of…

A

experience or damage

97
Q

What is an example of neural reorganization in humans?

A

Blind people have larger auditory and somatosensory cortices.

98
Q

Recovery from CNS damage is usually a result of _____ not ____ recovery

A

compensation not true recovery

99
Q

Neurotransplantation of embryonic cells has had ____ success in humans for curing ____

A

very limited success in humans with curing parkinson’s and spinal cord damage

100
Q

Neurotransplantation of non-embryonic cells has shown…

A

Minimal success in humans, some success in axonal regeneration of rat spinal cord damage

101
Q

What are 3 neuroprotective treatments?

A

Apoptosis inhibitor proteins

Neurotrophins

Estrogens

102
Q

How do estrogens act as a neuroprotector?

A

They limit or delay neuron death

103
Q

Rehabilitative training to treat spinal injuries often involves…

A

physiotherapy

104
Q

What is Ramachandran’s hypothesis of phantom limb pain?

A

The pain perceived by phantom limb sufferers is caused by reorganization of the somato-sensory cortex

(pain comes from brain not from arm)

105
Q

What does Ramachandran’s hypothesis of phantom limb pain propose as a solution to phantom pain?

A

Amputees can get phantom pain relief from visual feedback

3rd year psych (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions