Neuro Chapter 3 Flashcards
What are the 3 appetitive components of eating?
Foraging
Cost-benefit analysis
Diet
What are the 3 forms of energy storage in the body?
Body fat
Glycogen
Muscle
What are the 3 phases of energy absorption?
Cephalic Phase
Absorptive Phase
Fasting Phase
What are the 2 pancreatic hormones that control metabolism?
Insulin and Glucagon
Insulin is involved in which phases of metabolism?
Insulin is involved in Cephalic phase and absorptive phase
Glucagon is involved in which phase(s) of metabolism?
Glucagon is involved in Fasting phase
What is the set-point theory?
Set point argues that the body tries to maintain a set-point through hunger or metabolism
What is the Positive incentive theory of eating?
What is the glucostatic set point?
The set point of blood sugar that a set-point theory would argue our bodies maintain (short term regulation of eating)
What is lipostatic set point
The set point of body fat that a set-point theory would argue our bodies maintain (long term regulation of eating)
How do set point and positive incentive theory interact?
Psychological and behavioral motivators for food can override each other.
What factors influence our eating?
What we’re eating
When we’re eating
How much we’re eating
Diets are ____ and _____
Innate and learned
Species-specific preferences and aversions exist based on…
the needs of the animal.
Humans prefer sweet and salty food because…
we need energy (sweet) and salt
Humans typically avoid sour and bitter food because…
Bitter food is often toxic
Sour food is a sign food is bad
Individual learned factors of what we eat are caused by…
personal experiences
Social learned factors of what we eat include…
Culture, and lactation
Humans innately seek salty food because…
Salt is a distinct flavor, we seek it when we are deficient
Vitamins are not innately sought out in diets because…
They have no distinctive flavor
If mechanisms for dieting exist, why do people eat like shit?
Decision making is complicated
Money
Culture emphasizes looks over health
Premeal hunger is a ____ response
conditioned response
What is woods theory of hunger?
Meals are a stressor which imbalance homeostasis
What region is associated with glucoprivation?
The brain, more specifically the brainstem detects glucoprivic hunger
What region is associated with both glucoprivation and lipoprivation?
The liver is sensitive to both glucoprivic and lipoprivic hunger
Satiety is…
The motivational state that makes us stop eating
Short term satiety signals come from…
the GI tract
Long term satiety signals come from…
Adipose tissue (fat)
Blood glucose levels drop…
in anticipation of a meal, they are not the cause of the initial hunger
What are head factors of eating?
Eyes, nose, throat, tongue, learned through previous experiences
What are behavioral/psych factors that influence how much we eat?
Bigger serving size = eat more
Group setting = eat more (sometimes)
Eating tasty appetizer = eat more
Sensory specific satiety is…
the idea that we eat more when given options, we lose incentive value when we eat the same thing all the time
What did cannon and washburn prove about hunger?
Hunger pains are a result of stomach contractions
What role does the stomach play in satiety?
There is both a stomach volume factor and a nutrient factor
What is ghrelin?
A feeding enhancing hormone produced in stomach
When do ghrelin levels change?
Rise before eating, fall after eating
What role does the Liver and Vagus nerve play in hunger initiation?
Involved in hunger through recognizing glucoprivic and lopoprivic hunger symptoms
What role does the brain play in initiating hunger?
Brain has glucodetectors which recognize low blood glucose levels
What role does the stomach play in initiating eating?
Release of ghrelin from stomach promotes eating
What role does the stomach play in ending eating?
Stomach volume makes us stop eating
What role does the duodenum play in hunger inhibition?
cholecystokinin is released from the duodenum which inhibits eating
What role does the intestine play in hunger inhibition?
Peptide YY (PYY) is released from the intestine which interrupts feelings of hunger
What role does adipose tissue play in hunger inhibition?
Fat tissue releases leptin which reduces hunger
What is the feeding center of the brain?
The lateral hypothalamus
What is the satiety center of the brain?
The ventromedial hypothalamus
Damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus would ____ satiety causing _____ eating
would inhibit satiety causing excessive eating
Damage to the lateral hypothalamus would ____ satiety causing _____ eating
would increase satiety causing reduced or stopped eating
Aphagia is the…
cessation of eating
Adipsia is the
cessation of drinking
What is obesity?
Excessive fat tissue that negatively impacts health
What is an obesogenic environment?
An environment that promotes obesity
What is prader-willi syndrome?
Genetic disorder causing obesity, 1/12000 people.
What are the symptoms of prader-willi syndrome?
Insatiable hunger
Slow metabolism
Small hands/feet
What is the genetic cause of prader-willi syndrome?
Small deletion on the paternal chromosome 15
What is leptin deficiency?
A condition in which the body doesn’t produce leptin (gets fat)
OB mice have issues with leptin ___ and can be cured with…
leptin production and can be cured with leptin treatments
DB mice have issues with leptin ____ and…
leptin receptors, and cant be cured with leptin
What is the insulin receptor deficiency disorder?
The brain is unable to properly detect insulin levels.
Why does insulin receptor deficiency make mice obese?
It is hypothesized that insulin levels in the brain inhibit fat accumulation
What are 2 examples of serotonin agonists that used to be used as a treatment for obesity?
Fenfluramine and Lorcaserin
Serotine ____ satiety
serotonin induces satiety
What is semaglutide?
AKA. Ozempic, lowers blood glucose by stimulating insulin secretion. Very new drug approved for weight management.
What is anorexia nervosa?
Disorder of under consumption of food.
Anorexia patients are interested in food but it makes them feel sick
Scared of gaining weight
Terrible body image.
Anorexia patients show different brain activity than normal when…
viewing themselves.
What is pinel’s view of an anorexia solution?
Feeding individuals with anorexia several small meals
What is orthorexia?
A disorder classified by an obsession with clean/healthy food
What are the cycles of bulimia?
Fasting, binging, and purging.
Bulimia often leads to issues with…
nutrition and damage caused by purging
What is binge eating disorder?
Recurring episodes of eating quickly and eating too much (beyond full)
In patients with bulimia, the insula is
more sensitive than normal
In patients with bulimia, the anterior cingulate cortex
more active in response to food
In patients with bulimia, the dorsal pre-frontal cortex is
less active in response to food
In patients with anorexia, the insula is
less sensitive than normal
In patients with anorexia, the anterior cingulate cortex is…
less active in response to food
In patients with anorexia, the dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex is
more active in response to food
