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3rd year psych > Neuro Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Neuro Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 appetitive components of eating?

A

Foraging

Cost-benefit analysis

Diet

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2
Q

What are the 3 forms of energy storage in the body?

A

Body fat

Glycogen

Muscle

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3
Q

What are the 3 phases of energy absorption?

A

Cephalic Phase

Absorptive Phase

Fasting Phase

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4
Q

What are the 2 pancreatic hormones that control metabolism?

A

Insulin and Glucagon

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5
Q

Insulin is involved in which phases of metabolism?

A

Insulin is involved in Cephalic phase and absorptive phase

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6
Q

Glucagon is involved in which phase(s) of metabolism?

A

Glucagon is involved in Fasting phase

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7
Q

What is the set-point theory?

A

Set point argues that the body tries to maintain a set-point through hunger or metabolism

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8
Q

What is the Positive incentive theory of eating?

A
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9
Q

What is the glucostatic set point?

A

The set point of blood sugar that a set-point theory would argue our bodies maintain (short term regulation of eating)

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10
Q

What is lipostatic set point

A

The set point of body fat that a set-point theory would argue our bodies maintain (long term regulation of eating)

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11
Q

How do set point and positive incentive theory interact?

A

Psychological and behavioral motivators for food can override each other.

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12
Q

What factors influence our eating?

A

What we’re eating

When we’re eating

How much we’re eating

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13
Q

Diets are ____ and _____

A

Innate and learned

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14
Q

Species-specific preferences and aversions exist based on…

A

the needs of the animal.

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15
Q

Humans prefer sweet and salty food because…

A

we need energy (sweet) and salt

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16
Q

Humans typically avoid sour and bitter food because…

A

Bitter food is often toxic

Sour food is a sign food is bad

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17
Q

Individual learned factors of what we eat are caused by…

A

personal experiences

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18
Q

Social learned factors of what we eat include…

A

Culture, and lactation

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19
Q

Humans innately seek salty food because…

A

Salt is a distinct flavor, we seek it when we are deficient

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20
Q

Vitamins are not innately sought out in diets because…

A

They have no distinctive flavor

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21
Q

If mechanisms for dieting exist, why do people eat like shit?

A

Decision making is complicated

Money

Culture emphasizes looks over health

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22
Q

Premeal hunger is a ____ response

A

conditioned response

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23
Q

What is woods theory of hunger?

A

Meals are a stressor which imbalance homeostasis

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24
Q

What region is associated with glucoprivation?

A

The brain, more specifically the brainstem detects glucoprivic hunger

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25
Q

What region is associated with both glucoprivation and lipoprivation?

A

The liver is sensitive to both glucoprivic and lipoprivic hunger

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26
Q

Satiety is…

A

The motivational state that makes us stop eating

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27
Q

Short term satiety signals come from…

A

the GI tract

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28
Q

Long term satiety signals come from…

A

Adipose tissue (fat)

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29
Q

Blood glucose levels drop…

A

in anticipation of a meal, they are not the cause of the initial hunger

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30
Q

What are head factors of eating?

A

Eyes, nose, throat, tongue, learned through previous experiences

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31
Q

What are behavioral/psych factors that influence how much we eat?

A

Bigger serving size = eat more

Group setting = eat more (sometimes)

Eating tasty appetizer = eat more

32
Q

Sensory specific satiety is…

A

the idea that we eat more when given options, we lose incentive value when we eat the same thing all the time

33
Q

What did cannon and washburn prove about hunger?

A

Hunger pains are a result of stomach contractions

34
Q

What role does the stomach play in satiety?

A

There is both a stomach volume factor and a nutrient factor

35
Q

What is ghrelin?

A

A feeding enhancing hormone produced in stomach

36
Q

When do ghrelin levels change?

A

Rise before eating, fall after eating

37
Q

What role does the Liver and Vagus nerve play in hunger initiation?

A

Involved in hunger through recognizing glucoprivic and lopoprivic hunger symptoms

38
Q

What role does the brain play in initiating hunger?

A

Brain has glucodetectors which recognize low blood glucose levels

39
Q

What role does the stomach play in initiating eating?

A

Release of ghrelin from stomach promotes eating

40
Q

What role does the stomach play in ending eating?

A

Stomach volume makes us stop eating

41
Q

What role does the duodenum play in hunger inhibition?

A

cholecystokinin is released from the duodenum which inhibits eating

42
Q

What role does the intestine play in hunger inhibition?

A

Peptide YY (PYY) is released from the intestine which interrupts feelings of hunger

43
Q

What role does adipose tissue play in hunger inhibition?

A

Fat tissue releases leptin which reduces hunger

44
Q

What is the feeding center of the brain?

A

The lateral hypothalamus

45
Q

What is the satiety center of the brain?

A

The ventromedial hypothalamus

46
Q

Damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus would ____ satiety causing _____ eating

A

would inhibit satiety causing excessive eating

47
Q

Damage to the lateral hypothalamus would ____ satiety causing _____ eating

A

would increase satiety causing reduced or stopped eating

48
Q

Aphagia is the…

A

cessation of eating

49
Q

Adipsia is the

A

cessation of drinking

50
Q

What is obesity?

A

Excessive fat tissue that negatively impacts health

51
Q

What is an obesogenic environment?

A

An environment that promotes obesity

52
Q

What is prader-willi syndrome?

A

Genetic disorder causing obesity, 1/12000 people.

53
Q

What are the symptoms of prader-willi syndrome?

A

Insatiable hunger

Slow metabolism

Small hands/feet

54
Q

What is the genetic cause of prader-willi syndrome?

A

Small deletion on the paternal chromosome 15

55
Q

What is leptin deficiency?

A

A condition in which the body doesn’t produce leptin (gets fat)

56
Q

OB mice have issues with leptin ___ and can be cured with…

A

leptin production and can be cured with leptin treatments

57
Q

DB mice have issues with leptin ____ and…

A

leptin receptors, and cant be cured with leptin

58
Q

What is the insulin receptor deficiency disorder?

A

The brain is unable to properly detect insulin levels.

59
Q

Why does insulin receptor deficiency make mice obese?

A

It is hypothesized that insulin levels in the brain inhibit fat accumulation

60
Q

What are 2 examples of serotonin agonists that used to be used as a treatment for obesity?

A

Fenfluramine and Lorcaserin

61
Q

Serotine ____ satiety

A

serotonin induces satiety

62
Q

What is semaglutide?

A

AKA. Ozempic, lowers blood glucose by stimulating insulin secretion. Very new drug approved for weight management.

63
Q

What is anorexia nervosa?

A

Disorder of under consumption of food.

Anorexia patients are interested in food but it makes them feel sick

Scared of gaining weight

Terrible body image.

64
Q

Anorexia patients show different brain activity than normal when…

A

viewing themselves.

65
Q

What is pinel’s view of an anorexia solution?

A

Feeding individuals with anorexia several small meals

65
Q

What is orthorexia?

A

A disorder classified by an obsession with clean/healthy food

65
Q

What are the cycles of bulimia?

A

Fasting, binging, and purging.

66
Q

Bulimia often leads to issues with…

A

nutrition and damage caused by purging

67
Q

What is binge eating disorder?

A

Recurring episodes of eating quickly and eating too much (beyond full)

68
Q

In patients with bulimia, the insula is

A

more sensitive than normal

69
Q

In patients with bulimia, the anterior cingulate cortex

A

more active in response to food

70
Q

In patients with bulimia, the dorsal pre-frontal cortex is

A

less active in response to food

71
Q

In patients with anorexia, the insula is

A

less sensitive than normal

72
Q

In patients with anorexia, the anterior cingulate cortex is…

A

less active in response to food

73
Q

In patients with anorexia, the dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex is

A

more active in response to food

3rd year psych (4 decks)

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