Neuro anatomy pt 2 Flashcards
What is the brain stem composed of
Midbrain,pons and medulla oblongata
What is the function of the brain stem
Automatic behaviour, higher and lower neural centers, associated with 10 pairs of cranial nerves.
What is the function of the midbrain
They are responsible for visual reflexes and auditory reflexes
What is the midbrain composed of
Two cerebral peduncles that motor tracts allow the cerebral aqueduct to run through.
What does the periaqueductal gray matter allow
allow pain suppression
What is the substantia nigra
It’s a precursor for dopamine,its a band like nucleus
What is the red nucleus
Rich vascular supply high in iron pigment that influence limb flexion
What is the function of the Pons
It is like a bridge, it communicates with the cerebellum.
What are the cranial nerves connected to the pons
The Trigeminal (V), anducens (VI) and facial VII.
What are parts of the pons
The reticular formation and others that involve respiration
What are the cranial nerves related to the medulla oblongata
The hypoglossal (XII) ,glossopharungeal (IX), vagus (X) and Vestibulochochlear nerve (VIII).
What is the function of the medulla oblongata
It is an automatic centre for homeostasis. it controls the cardiovascular, respiratory and other centers responsible for vomiting, hiccups etc.
What is the function of the cerebellum
Inputs cerebral motor cortex, brainstem nuclei and sensory receptors with timing and patterns.(unconscious control)
What are the 3 lobes found in the folia ( cerebellum)
Anterior,posterior and flocculonodular
What is the function of the anterior and posterior lobes
they have sensory map tha recives imput and control the output on the same body region. They coordinate muscle groups via the motor cortex. The proprioceptive,planning and instruction information.
What is the function of the flocculonodular lobes
Balance and some eye movements
What are the ipsilateral
Fibres entering and leaving the cerebellum
What are the sections of the cerebellum
The superior,middle and inferior
What is the function of the superior part of the cerebellum
Instructions sent to the cerebral motor cortex via the thalamus
What is the function of the middle part of the cerebellum
A one was communication from the pons to cerebellar neurons ( Voluntary movement)
What is the function of the inferior
Info to cerebellum from muscle proprioceptors (body and joints) , also balance.
What are the steps for cerebellar processing to fine-tune motor activity
- The cortex frontal motor association area indicates and initiates an action in the cerebellum
- The cerebellum receives proprioceptive, visual and equilibrium info.
- The cerebellar cortex receives the info and determines the best way to coordinate force, and direction for muscle contraction.
- The cerebellum sends the blueprint for coordination to the cerebral motor cortex, also output to the brain stem nuclei that projects in motor neurons.
What is the function of the limbic system?
The emotional-visceral brain. They link odours, memories and emotions. Ia a pathway for the hypothalamus.
What are the 3 parts of the limbic system
The amygdala, hippocampus and anterior cingulate gyrus.
What is the function of the amygdala
Responsible for anger,fear and danger
What is the function of the hippocampus
Involved in emotions and memory
What is the function of the anterior cingulate gyrus
Involved in gestures and resolving conflicts
What is the function of the reticular formation
Maintaining the arousal of the brain and filtering incoming signals
What is the function of the spinal cord
It is a 2 way conduction system , Major reflex center , initiates complex patters of motor activity
What is gray matter composed of
neurons are multipolar
What do anterior horns do
They are part of the somatic motor neuron and exit via ventral roots
What do lateral horns do
They are part of automatic motor neuron and exit via ventral roots
What is the function of dorsal root ganglion
They are sensory receptors that travel to the dorsal roots and the axon enters the cord to travel to the brain and synapse with interneurons in posterior horns.
What is white matter composed of
Myelinated and unmyelinated fibers the communicate with the brain and cord
What are the functions of white matter
Consists of a chain of 2 or 3 neuron , exhibit somatotopy ,the pathways and tracts are paired
What is the function of meninges
Cover and protect CNS, Protect blood vessels, contains cerebrospinal fluid, form partition with the skull
What is the dura matter?
The most outer layer and toughest of the brain. Composed of 2 layers and one layer on the spinal cord.
What is the arachnoid matter
between the dura matter and subdural space that is filled with CSF and contains large blood vessles.
What is the role of arachnoid granulation
accumulate CSF
What can be found in the pia mater
Delicate CT and tiny blood vessels
What is meningitis
When the meninges gets infected
What is the encephalitis
When meningitis is left untreated
What is the role of CSF
Give a cussion to give buoyancy and protects and had nutritive roles. Smiliar to plasma but more vit,Na,Cl,Mg,H
What are the choroid plexuses
a roof ventricle of CSF that has permeable capillaries.
How long does it take to replace CSF
8 hours
Why can some hormones act like neurotransmitter
Because some neurons can increase the rate of neuronal firing
What is the blood-brain barrier composed of
An epithelium of capillary wall (tight junction), thick basal laminal that destroys chemicals and feet of astrocytes plus smooth muscles that stimulate the formation of tight junctions.
What can get in the blood-brain barrier
glucose, essential amino acids, electrolytes,fats, oxygen,c2,fat-soluble molecules
What is a downside to the blood-brain barrier
the capillaries are porous and near the vomiting center ,hypothalamus that can affect them.
