Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PTA Neuro > Neuro Anatomy > Flashcards

Neuro Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Gray Matter= In CNS

A

unmyelinated axons, dendrites and cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

White Matter= in CNS

A

myelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

CNS when injured

A

dramatic effects on movement and thought processes

plays critical role in motor learning and motor planning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

corpus callosum

A

joins two hemispheres:Outer gray matter

Inner white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Homunculus

A

Representation of body on brain tissue by specific location and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Wernickes Area

A

temporal lobe, speech comprehension

a lesion here will result in RECEPTIVE aphasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Brocas area

A

frontal lobe, expression of speech

lesion here results in EXPRESSIVE aphasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Frontal:

A
  • voluntary muscle contraction, initiation of movement
  • Broca’s area-motor control of speech
  • Personality, temper, judgment, reasoning, behavior, self awareness, executive functions
if injured: Contralateral weakness
Perseveration, inattention
Personality changes
Impaired concentration, apathy
Brocas aphasia
Delayed or poor initiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Parietal:

A

-Associated with sensation of touch, kinesthesia, vibration, temp, etc.
-Sensory info is received
>Provides meaning for objects
>Interprets language and words
>Spatial and visual perception

If injured: 
May see apraxia
Contralateral sensory deficits
Impaired language comprehension
Impaired taste
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Temporal

A

Primary auditory processing and olfaction
Wernicke’s area: ability to understand and produce meaningful speech (receptive)
Allows us to interpret other people’s emotions and reactions

if injured: 
Learning deficits, 
Receptive aphasia
Antisocial aggressive behaviors
Difficulty with facial recognition, memory, memory loss
Inability to categorize information
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Occipital

A

vision & processing of visual information
Judgment of distance, seeing in 3D

if injured:
Homonymous hemianopsia
Impaired extraocular movement and visual deficits
Impaired color recognition
Reading and writing impairment
Cortical blindness if bilateral occipital lobe involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Right hemisphere

A

Non-verbal, Artistic
Processes info in holistic way
Non-verbal communication
Tend to be good at fine arts; appreciate the artistically pleasing

negative emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Left hemisphere

A

Verbal, analytical
Processes info in sequential way
Produces & processes language
Tend to be good at math/ science

express positive emotions such as love and happiness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Internal capsule

A

descending fibers leave the motor area & travel through the internal capsule on the way to SC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Amygdala:

A

nuclei in the temporal lobe
Functions in emotional and social processing
Involved in fear & pleasure responses, arousal, processing of memory and formation of emotional memories.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus:

Hypothalamus:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Thalamus

A

relay station for body sensations
Interprets crude sensory information
Damage can result in “thalamic pain syndrome”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hypothalamus

A

Primary role is homeostasis
Regulates body temperature, sugar & fat metabolism & water balance.
Primitive Drives for eating, sexual behavior, rage, aggression, emotion, thirst, hunger and sleep/ wake cycles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Basal Ganglia:

A

coordination of motor movement, posture, muscle tone and control of motor responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Limbic System

A

group of structures; governs emotions & memory based on emotions (pain, pleasure, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Reticular Activating System

A

diffuse group of cells that governs level of awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cerebellum

A

Equilibrium, Regulation of muscle tone
Maintenance of Posture & Voluntary Motor Control
Muscle coordination, sequencing of movements, ability to do rapid alternating movements
Motor Learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Brainstem

A

visual and auditory reflexes
respiratory center
vasomotor center

Reticular activating system is found within the midbrain, pons and medulla. Severe damage to the brainstem often results in brain death…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Decending motor tracts

A
  • Corticospinal (anterior)

- Corticospinal (lateral)

25
Q

Corticospinal (anterior)

A

Ipsilateral voluntary, discrete and skilled movements

26
Q

Corticospinal (lateral)

A

Contralateral voluntary fine movement
Damage results in + Babinski sign, absent superficial and cremasteric reflex, and loss of fine motor or skilled voluntary movement

27
Q

Extrapyramidal tracts:influence motor response

A

Reticulospinal:
Rubrospinal:
tectospinal
vestibulospinal

28
Q

Reticulospinal:

A

facilitation & inhibition of voluntary and reflex response (regulates intensity of response)

29
Q

Rubrospinal:

A

originates in red nucleus of brainstem

affects motor input of gross postural tone, facilitates flexors and inhibits extensors

30
Q

Tectospinal:

A

Originates in the midbrain to cervical ms.
Contralateral postural tone associated with auditory/ visual stimuli
orientation of head toward a sound or moving object

31
Q

Vestibulospinal:

A

postural adjustments to head movements

Facilitates extensors and inhibits flexors

32
Q

ascending sensory tracts

A 
Anterior spinothalamic
Lateral spinothalamic:  
Dorsal columns 
Spinocerebellar (dorsal and ventral)
Spinoreticular:
33
Q

Anterior spinothalamic:

A

pressure, light touch

34
Q

Lateral spinothalamic:

A

pain & temperature

35
Q

dorsal column

A

Proprioception, vibration, 2 point discrimination and graphesia
Fasciculus cuneatus: UE
Fasciculus gracilis: LE

36
Q

Spinocerebellar (dorsal and ventral)

A

Subconscious proprioception, tension in muscles, joint sense, posture of the trunk and extremities

37
Q

Spinoreticular:

A

Sensory information that influences the reticular formation, affecting level of consciousness

38
Q

ANS:Sympathetic

A

prepares the body to defend itself

responds to emergency

39
Q

ANS: Parasympathetic

A

returns body to normal resting state

regular consistent activities

40
Q

Circle of Willis:

A

originates from the internal carotid & vertebral arteries

Major Branches
Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA)
Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)
Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA)
Vertebrobasilar Artery
41
Q

Anterior Cerebral Artery

A

medial aspect of frontal & parietal lobes & sub-cortical structures

42
Q

Middle Cerebral Artery

A

lateral aspect of frontal, temporal & parietal lobes & sub-cortical structures * most common site of CVA

43
Q

Posterior Cerebral Artery

A

occipital lobe, medial & inf. Temporal lobes, upper brainstem, midbrain, thalamus

44
Q

Vertebrobasilar Artery

A

pons, inner ear, cerebellum

45
Q

Reaction to injury in the CNS

A

Artery obstruction produces tissue death within minutes

Within 24- 36 hours becomes soft and edematous

Inflammatory reaction with scarring, function of these neurons lost

Nearby undamaged axons and collateral sprouting result in some return of function

46
Q

Reaction to injury in the PNS

A

If cell body destroyed, regeneration is not possible
If cell body intact, regeneration is possible.
Axonal sprouting approximately 1 mm per day

47
Q

Upper Motor Neuron Lesion

A

Disease which affects nerve cells located in the motor cortex, internal capsule, brainstem or spinal cord

Lesion is above the Anterior Horn Cell

Examples: hydrocephalus, CVA, anoxia, tumors, cerebral palsy, MS, etc.
Symptoms: weakness, high tone,

48
Q

Lower Motor Neuron Disease

A

disease that affects nerves below the level of the brainstem.

Injury is at or below the Anterior Horn Cell

Examples: trauma, infection, Guillaine Barre, muscular dystrophy, spina bifida,
Symptoms: ↓or absent reflexes, flaccidity, atrophy, fasiculations, ↓ed tone

49
Q

Reflex Arc

A

Controlled at the spinal cord level, modulated by input from deep brain structures.

No conscious thought or voluntary control.
Occurs very quickly.
Afferent sensory input, synapse in the spinal cord, then efferent motor output

50
Q

Muscle tone

A

Input from brain no longer able to modulate reflexes in a normal manner.
Can result in
Hypotonia
Hypertonia

51
Q

Hypotonia

A

Common in initial days following a neurological event

May lead to hyper-extensibility of joints and joint instability

52
Q

Hypertonia

A

Evolves over time in many patients following a neurological event

Increased by excessive effort, emotions, and a variety of environmental stimuli.
May lead to joint stiffness, contracture.

53
Q

Summary

A

Nervous tissue in CNS does not repair itself…recovery of function is through establishing new pathways.

54
Q

What is the space between the dura and arachnoid mater called?

A

subdural

55
Q

Which lobe is responsible for voluntary muscle contraction and personality?

A

frontal

56
Q

Which area of the brain is responsible for level of awareness?

A

reticular activating system

57
Q

Which ascending tract carries sensory impulses for pain and temperature?

A

Lateral spinothalamic

58
Q

Which artery supplies the lateral aspect of the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes & subcortical structures?

A

MCA

PTA Neuro (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions