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Medicine > Neuro Anatomy > Flashcards

Neuro Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Median/Sagittal Plane

A

Vertical plane passing through sagittal suture of skull

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2
Q

Planes parallel to the Sagittal plane are called…

A

Parasagittal planes

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3
Q

Rostral vs Caudal direction

A

Rostral - towards nose
Caudal - towards tail

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4
Q

Brain is divided into 3 parts

A

Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

Forebrain (prosencephalon)

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5
Q

Cerebellum responsible for…

A

Motor control of equilibrium, posture, muscle tone, movement co-ordination

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6
Q

Brainstem comprises…

A

Ascending and descending tracts, cranial nerve nuclei and reticular formation

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7
Q

Gyri

A

Rolls of cerebral cortex

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8
Q

Sulci

A

Grooves between gyri

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9
Q

Central Sulcus

A

Large groove separating frontal from parietal lobes

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10
Q

Lateral Sulcus

A

Large fissure separating temporal lobes from parietal and frontal lobes

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11
Q

Insula

A

Forms floor of the lateral sulcus
Functions include disgust, self-awareness, emotion

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12
Q

Opercula (lips)

A

Parts of temporal, parietal and frontal lobes that overlie the insula

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13
Q

Ventral =
Dorsal =

A

Anterior
Posterior

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14
Q

What is the Corpus callosum?

A

Large bundle of white matter connecting the 2 hemispheres

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15
Q

Where do the olefactory tracts run?

A

Inferior surface of frontal lobes

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16
Q

Grey vs white matter

A

Grey - Lots of cell bodies
White - Axons, myelin sheath, some Glial cells

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17
Q

Hindbrain (rhombencephalon) comprises…

A

Pons and Medulla

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18
Q

Association fibres

A

Stay in same hemisphere they start in

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19
Q

Commissural fibres

A

Connect between L and R hemispheres

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20
Q

Projection fibres

A

Carry info from spinal cord up into cortex and back down from cortex into spinal cord

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21
Q

Role of frontal lobes

A

Motor function, memory, language, judgement

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22
Q

Motor cortex

A

Region of cerebral cortex responsible for signalling for movement

Size of cortex responsible for a part of the body is relative to the complexity of movement at that part (e.g- area dedicated to thumb similar to area dedicated to trunk even though trunk is much bigger)

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23
Q

Role of temporal lobes

A

Language, memory, meaning of things, facial recognition

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24
Q

Role of parietal lobes

A

Somatosensory
Dominant (usually left): perception, language, maths
Non dominant (usually right): visuospatial function

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25
Q

Role of occipital lobes

A

Visual

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26
Q

CSF in the skull sits between…

A

Pia mater and Arachnoid mater

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27
Q

Asymmetry of brain

A

R frontal and L occipital lobes protrude outwards more than their counterpart

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28
Q

Occipital poles

A

Posterior-most parts of occipital lobes

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29
Q

Optic nerves location

A

Pass backwards and medially converging in midline to form optic chiasma
Then pass backwards and laterally as the optic tracts

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30
Q

Mammillary bodies

A

2 rounded eminences behind the optic chiasma

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31
Q

Hypothalamus location

A

Behind optic chiasma up to and including the mammillary bodies (only part of diencephalon visible on outside of brain)

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32
Q

Cerebral peduncles

A

2 stalks attaching cerebrum to brainstem

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33
Q

Crus cerebri (plural = crura cerebri) of the cerebral peduncles

A

2 large masses of white matter emerging behind the mammillary bodies on each side

They pass backwards converging with midline of pons

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34
Q

Interpenduncular Fossa

A

Space between crura roofed over by arachnoid

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35
Q

Pons position in relation to crura

A

Situated immediately behind where crura meet in midline

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36
Q

What joins the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

Central Vermis

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37
Q

Prefrontal cortex vs posterior portion of frontal lobe

A

Prefrontal cortex - Higher cognitive functions, determinants of personality

Posterior portion - motor and premotor areas

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38
Q

Broca’s Area

A

In left inferior frontal gyrus
Important in language production and comprehension

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39
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

In superior temporal gyrus of L hemisphere
Concerned with understanding spoken word

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40
Q

Limbic lobe contains…

A

Hippocampus, fornix, amygdala

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41
Q

3 meningeal layers

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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42
Q

Dura mater layers

A

Outer endosteal layer - lines interior skull, adhering to, and sending blood vessels into cranial bones

Inner meningeal layer - envelopes CNS and continues as tube of dura around spinal cord and provides tubular sheaths for cranial nerves

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43
Q

Dural venous sinuses

A

Communicating blood filled spaces where the 2 dura layers have separated and folded over

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44
Q

Tentorium Cerebelli

A

Dura forming a thick fibrous roof over the posterior cranial fossa and the cerebellum

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45
Q

Straight sinus

A

Within tentorium cerebelli at its attachment to the falx cerebri

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46
Q

Transverse sinuses

A

Run along line of attachment of tentorium cerebelli to occipital bone

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47
Q

Cavernous sinus location

A

Lies lateral to body of the sphenoid

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48
Q

Trigeminal cave

A

Lies next to apex of petrous part of temporal bone and envelopes roots of the trigeminal nerve

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49
Q

Diaphragma sellae

A

Fold of dura mater which forms roof of pituitary fossa

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50
Q

Falx cerebelli

A

Small, vertical sickle-shaped reflection of dura separating the 2 lobes of the cerebellum

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51
Q

Foramen of Magendie role

A

Midline communication between IVth ventricle and subarachnoid space

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52
Q

Foramen of Lushka role

A

Lateral communication between IVth ventricle and subarachnoid space

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53
Q

Subarachnoid cisterns

A

Spaces between arachnoid and pia mater (pools of CSF)

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54
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

On brain surface, arteries lie in subarachnoid space. As vessels pass into brain, they’re surrounded by prolongations of pia mater and some subarachnoid space which thins towards the capillaries (at this point pia and BM of endothelial cells fuse)

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55
Q

Arterial blood to the brain arrives within the skull via 2 pairs of vessels…

A

-Internal Carotid Arteries

-Vertebral Arteries

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56
Q

Internal Carotid Arteries supply…

A

-Anterior and Middle Cerebrum

-Diencephalon

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57
Q

Vertebral Arteries supply…

A

-Posterior Cerebrum

-Contents of Posterior Cranial Fossa

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58
Q

Path of Internal Carotid Artery

A

Arises at bifurcation of common carotid at level of upper border of thyroid cartilage

Ascends to base of skull where it enters through foramen lacerum to lie in carotid canal

Pierces dura forming cavernous sinus to enter cranial cavity

Divides into anterior and middle cerebral arteries at medial end of lateral sulcus

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59
Q

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies…

A

Corpus callosum and medial aspects of the hemispheres

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60
Q

Middle Cerebral Artery supplies…

A

Majority of lateral surface of hemisphere and deep structures of anterior part of cerebral hemispheres

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61
Q

What connects the 2 anterior cerebral arteries?

A

Anterior Communicating Artery

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62
Q

What connects the internal carotid and posterior cerebral artery?

A

Posterior Communicating Artery

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63
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries enter the skull?
They then converge where?
To form what?

A

FORAMEN MAGNUM
Unite at midline at lower border of pons to form BASILAR ARTERY

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64
Q

Where does the Basilar Artery lie?

A

Anterior Median Fissure

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65
Q

Internal vs External Cerebral Veins

A

Internal - Run within the substance of brain tissue and end when they reach brain surface where they become external cerebral veins

External - Run on brain surface crossing subarachnoid space to drain into dural venous sinuses

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66
Q

Sinuses in the brain connect ____ to ____

A

Major cerebral veins to internal jugular veins

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67
Q

Where are the inferior and superior sagittal sinuses found?

A

The inferior and superior edges of the falx cerebri

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68
Q

Where is the straight sinus found?

A

Midline of tentorium cerebelli

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69
Q

Where is the transverse sinus found?

A

Posterior fixed margin of tentorium cerebelli

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70
Q

Where is the sigmoid sinus found?

A

Deep groove in mastoid part of temporal bone

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71
Q

Where is cavernous sinus found?

A

Beside body of sphenoid bone

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72
Q

Where is superior petrosal sinus found?

A

In attached lateral margin of tentorium cerebelli

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73
Q

Where is inferior petrosal sinus found?

A

Groove between petrous temporal bone and basal part of occipital bone

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74
Q

Emissary veins

A

Connect veins outside skull and intracranial venous sinuses to inside the cranial cavity (route for infection to spread into cranial cavity)

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75
Q

Largest aggregation of choroid plexus found…

A

In the choroid plexus

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76
Q

Through what does CSF pass through to go from lateral ventricles to IIIrd ventricle

A

Interventricular Foramen (of Munroe)

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77
Q

What does CSF pass through to go from IIIrd to IVth ventricle?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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78
Q

IVth ventricle communicates with subarachnoid space via…
(CSF can then occupy subarachnoid space around brain and spinal cord)

A

-Median Foramen of Magendie

-Lateral Foramen of Luschka

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79
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Invaginations of vessels in ventricles producing a vascular fold of pia mater covered by an epithelium derived form ependymal lining of ventricle

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80
Q

CSF-Brain Barrier

A

Tight junctions between extracellular space of choroid plexus and inside ventricle except via the choroidal cells (enables control over CSF volume)

Resorption of CSF into venous drainage of brain occurs via tufts of arachnoid mater (arachnoid villi)
Villi calcify with age forming arachnoid granulations

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81
Q

Path of superior oblique

A

Originates in posterior of orbit, runs forward to pass through trochlear and inserts on posterior part of eyeball (in medial aspect of orbit)

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82
Q

Path of medial rectus

A

Runs along length of medial orbit deep to SO muscle

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83
Q

Muscles oculomotor (CN III) supplies

A

Medial Rectus
Superior Rectus
Inferior Rectus
Inferior Oblique

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84
Q

Muscles abducens nerve (CN VI) supplies

A

Lateral rectus

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85
Q

Lacrimal punti

A

Small medial holes in upper and lower eyelids

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86
Q

Nasolacrimal duct

A

Drains from inferior part of lacrimal sac to nasal cavity

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87
Q

Parasympathetic outflow from CNS via…

A

Oculomotor (CN III), facial (CN II), glossopharyngeal (CN IX), and vagus (CN X)
and S2-4
CN III and VII have branches to the orbit

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88
Q

Where do parasympathetic fibres in oculomotor nerve (CN III) originate?

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus in mid brain and travel into the branch to the IO muscle but leave nerve to IO and enter the ciliary ganglion (fibres innervate ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae)

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89
Q

Path of parasympathetic fibres in facial nerve (CN VII)

A

Leave facial nerve nerve in middle ear to synapse in a ganglion in the pterygopalatine fossa and supply lacrimal gland

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90
Q

Sympathetic outflow from CNS to orbit via…

A

T1-L2 (fibres pass into sympathetic trunks)
Fibres arise from T1 and pass up sympathetic trunk through the stellate ganglion to base of skull
Fibres leave superior cervical ganglion of sympathetic trunk to supply dilator pupillae muscle and blood vessels

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91
Q

Which muscles are supplied by the trochlear nerve (CN IV)?

A

Superior Oblique

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92
Q

SO muscle moves the eye…

A

Downward and outward

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93
Q

IO muscle moves the eye…

A

Upward and outward

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94
Q

What is the greater petrosal nerve a branch of?

A

Parasympathetic branch of facial nerve (CN VII)
Emerges from petrous temporal bone

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95
Q

Bone attachments to tympanic membrane

A

Malleus attaches to it and it articulates with incus

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96
Q

What is chorda tympani nerve a branch of?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII) and crosses tympanic membrane

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97
Q

Internal acoustic meatus

A

Lies in temporal bone existing between inner ear and posterior cranial fossa
Includes vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) and facial nerve (CN VII)

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98
Q

Bulbopontine Sulcus (in pons)

A

Transverse groove at caudal border of pons

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99
Q

Basilar Sulcus (in pons)

A

Shallow sulcus in which the basilar artery runs

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100
Q

Middle cerebellar penduncles

A

Lateral extensions of neural tissue from pons to cerebellum

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101
Q

Anterior medulla fissure

A

Partial division of medulla in midline

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102
Q

Pyramid of medulla

A

Elongated eminence (swelling) marking position of corticospinal (pyramidal) tracts

103
Q

Decussation of the pyramids (medulla)

A

Diagonally orientated fibre bundles crossing fissure via which 80% of corticospinal fibres cross midline entering opposite lateral white column of spinal cord

104
Q

Olive

A

Eminence in medulla caused by underlying inferior olivary nucleus and is concerned with control of movement

105
Q

Inferior Cerebellar peduncles

A

Forms posterolateral margin of medulla
Thick bundle of white matter passing into cerebellum

106
Q

Superior Cerebellar peduncles

A

Attach midbrain to cerebellum

107
Q

Tectum

A

Part of midbrain dorsal to aqueduct
Made up of colliculi

108
Q

Tegmentum

A

Part of midbrain ventral to aqueduct
Made up of nerve fibres entering and leaving cerebral hemispheres

109
Q

Superior Colliculi

A

Part of visual system (concerned with visual reflexes)

110
Q

Inferior Colliculi

A

Part of auditory system (concerned with reflex looking towards a loud noise)

111
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Endocrine gland that synthesises melatonin which modulates sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles

112
Q

2 nerve pathways in midbrain lying just deep to surface

A

Inferior Brachium
Superior Brachium

113
Q

Inferior Brachium

A

Conveys auditory info from medial geniculate body (nucleus) to inferior colliculi

114
Q

Superior Brachium

A

Conveys visual info from lateral geniculate body (nucleus) to superior colliculi

115
Q

What marks midline of posterior medulla?

A

Posterior Median Sulcus

116
Q

The Gracile tubercle of the medulla is…
And it overlies the…

A

Round swelling either side of midline overlying the GRACILE FASCICULUS

117
Q

Role of Gracile Fasciculus

A

Carries fine touch, vibration, proprioception from lower limb

118
Q

The Cuneate tubercle of the medulla is…
And it overlies the…

A

A swelling lateral to the gracile tubercles overlying the CUNEATE FASCICULUS

119
Q

Cuneate Fasciculus role

A

Fine touch, vibration, proprioception from upper limb

120
Q

Tegmentum contains nuclei of…

A

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
Vagus (CN X)
Accessory (CN XI)
Hypoglossal (CN XII)

121
Q

Cranial Nerve Sensory, Motor, or Both mnemonic

A

I) Some
II) Say
III) Marry
IV) Money
V) But
VI) My
VII) Brother
VIII) Says
IX) Big
X) Brains
XI) Matter
XII) More

122
Q

What makes up PNS?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves

123
Q

Cranial nerves I, II, III

A

I) Olfactory
II) Optic
III) Oculomotor

124
Q

Cranial nerves IV, V, VI

A

IV) Trochlear
V) Trigeminal
VI) Abducens

125
Q

Cranial nerves VII, VIII, IX

A

VII) Facial
VIII) Vestibulcochlear
IX) Glossopharyngeal

126
Q

Cranial nerves X, XI, XII

A

X) Vagus
XI) Accessory
XII) Hypoglossal

127
Q

Cranial nerves carrying parasympathetic fibres

A

III) Oculomotor
VII) Facial
IX) Glossopharyngeal
X) Vagus

128
Q

Make up of cranial nerves with both sensory and motor fibres?

A

Input from sensory fibres travels to a different nucleus than input from motor fibres

129
Q

CN V?

A

Trigeminal

V1) Opthalmic (superior orbital fissure, innervates general sensation to upper face)

V2) Maxillary (Foramen Rotundum, innervates midface)

V3) Mandibular (Foramen Ovale, innervates lower face and motor fibres to muscles in mastication)

130
Q

Bulbopontine sulcus

A

Groove between pons and medulla

131
Q

Fibre types of CN VII (Facial)

A

Sensory - taste anterior 2/3 tongue

Motor - muscles of facial expression

Parasympathetic - lacrimal gland, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

132
Q

The terminal part of the facial nerve divides into 5 branches where?

A

In the parotid - 5 branches spread out across face providing motor function

133
Q

The 2 roots of facial nerve

A

Medial root - motor fibres
Lateral root - sensory and parasympathetic fibres

134
Q

Which cranial nerves are tested in the gag reflex?

A

Light touch on back of pharynx
Afferent fibres = CN IX
Efferent fibres = CN X
Look for reflex contraction of palate

135
Q

Other tests of vagus nerve

A

Listening to patient’s voice:
Hoarseness = vocal cord paralysis
Nasal sound = soft palate paralysis

Ask patient to say “ah” looking for elevation of palate
Unilateral X lesion = palate and uvula deviate away form side of lesion (towards normal side)

136
Q

Testing CN XI

A

Test SCM - patient turns their head against resistance
Test trapezius - look for symmetry when shrugging shoulders

137
Q

Testing CN XII

A

Stick tongue out and should go straight forward
XIIth nerve lesion = ipsilateral muscles are paralysed
So contralateral muscles contract pushing tongue to side of lesion

138
Q

Olfactory nerve

A

Attached to brain, not brainstem
Function: smell
Receptors: nasal cavity
Axons travel through cribriform plate -> olfactory bulb -> tracts -> temporal lobe

139
Q

Optic nerve

A

Attached to brain not brainstem
Function: vision
Fibres travel from retina to primary visual cortex

140
Q

Role and path of CN III, IV, VI

A

All motor (extraocular muscles)
Pash through superior orbital fissure

141
Q

What does oculomotor innervate? What fibres does it carry?
Where are it’s nuclei?
Where do nerves exit brainstem?

A

MR, SR, IR, IO, LPS
Carries parasympathetic fibres into the orbit to constrict pupil
Midbrain
Nerves exit between pons and medulla

142
Q

What does trochlear innervate?
Where are it’s nuclei?

A

SO
Midbrain

143
Q

What does abducens innervate?
Where are its nuclei?

A

LR
Pons

144
Q

What joins the 2 cerebral hemispheres?

A

Median Vermis

145
Q

Ridges of cerebral cortex are called…

A

Folia which are delineated by closely set curving, transverse fissures

146
Q

3 layers of cerebral cortex

A

Outer layer - grey matter
Cortex
Inner layer - white matter core (surrounds the Deep Nuclei)

147
Q

Path of cerebral aqueduct

A

Runs through midbrain connecting IIIrd and IVth ventricles

148
Q

Red nucleus

A

Circular mass of grey matter ventro-lateral to cerebral aqueduct

149
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Black band of nerve cells overlying crus cerebri ventro-lateral to red nucleus both sides

150
Q

What marks the division between anterior and posterior lobes of each cerebellar hemisphere?

A

Primary Fissure

151
Q

Horizontal Fissure of each cerebellar hemisphere marks…

A

Lateral and posterior margins of hemisphere

152
Q

What is the anterior lobe of each cerebellar hemisphere bordered by posteriorly?

A

Primary Fissure

153
Q

What is the anterior lobe of each cerebella hemisphere bordered by anteriorly?

A

Primary Fissure

154
Q

What are the tonsils of the cerebellum?

A

A prominent rounded swelling of cerebellar cortex either side of vermis
Seen from inferior surface

155
Q

Flocculus of cerebellum

A

Approximately ovoid shape lying immediately posterior to lateral foramen of IVth ventricle on each side partly covered by choroid plexus
Lies immediately caudal to entry point of CN VIII

156
Q

Nodule of cerebellum

A

Continuous with flocculus via peduncle of white matter

157
Q

Flocculo-nodular lobe of cerebellum

A

Flocculus and nodule together, primarily concerned with vestibular info

158
Q

Tract found in middle cerebellar peduncles

A

Corticopontocerebellar - info from primary motor cortex of motor plan - same info goes to spine

159
Q

Tract found in inferior cerebellar peduncles

A

Vestibulocerebellar tract - vestibular impulses from labyrinths, directly and via the vestibular nucleus

160
Q

Spinocerebellar tracts

A

Sensory input for balance and position sense
Ventral spinocerebellar - superior cerebellar peduncles
Dorsal spinocerebellar - inferior cerebellar peduncles

161
Q

Dentate nucleus

A

Largest, most lateral of the deep cerebellar nuclei
Zig-zag edged oval mass
Its major fibre bundles passing into superior cerebellar peduncle

162
Q

Rhomboid fossa

A

Diamond shaped floor of IVth ventricle limited laterally by the cerebellar peduncles and posteriorly by cuneate and gracile tubercles

163
Q

Gracile Tubercles

A

Medial dorsal columns carrying touch, vibration, two-point discrimination and proprioception from the lower limb

164
Q

Cuneate Tubercles

A

Lateral dorsal columns carrying touch, vibration, two-point discrimination and proprioception from upper limb

165
Q

Facial Colliculus

A

Rounded swelling caused by fibres of facial nerve in substance of pons curving around the nucleus of abducens nerve

166
Q

Locus Coeruleus

A

Bluish-grey pigmented noradrenergic cells under ependyma at rostral half of the sulcus limitans

167
Q

What are the Hypoglossal, Vagal and Vestibular Trigones?

A

Triangular areas overlying the nucleus of the CN in its name

168
Q

Obex

A

Inferior apex of rhomboid fossa

169
Q

Area Postrema

A

Small tongue-shaped area immediately rostro-lateral to obex
Associated with nausea control - chemoreceptive trigger zone for emetic response

170
Q

Septum Pellucidum

A

Thin, triangular, vertical, double membrane separating anterior horns of L and R lateral ventricles running as a sheet from corpus callosum down to fornix

171
Q

What separates the 2 halves of diencephalon?

A

IIIrd Ventricle

172
Q

Interventricular Foramen

A

Permits CSF flow from lateral to IIIrd ventricle

173
Q

Cerebral Aqueduct

A

Connection between IIIrd and IVth ventricle (travels through brainstem)

174
Q

Paracentral Lobule

A

U-shaped gyrus containing respresentations of lower limb within the primary motor and somatic sensory areas of the cortex

175
Q

Cingulate sulcus is situated…

A

Just above cingulate gyrus separating it from the rest of the hemisphere

176
Q

What is the Striae of Genari?

A

White band in primary visual cortex running parallel with pial surface in mid-depth of grey matter

This feature gives the name Striate Cortex to the primary visual area

177
Q

Primary Motor Cortex position

A

Anteriorly - aka pre-central gyrus (grey matter over twice as thick as that of the sensory)

178
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex position

A

Posteriorly - aka post-central gyrus (thinner grey matter than motor)

179
Q

Corpus Callosum connects…

A

2 halves of brain (broad arched band of white matter)

180
Q

Fornix

A

Bundle of white matter beneath corpus callosum connecting hippocampus with diencephalon and precommissural septum

181
Q

Commissure of the Fornix

A

Fibres from one hippocampus cross to opposite fornix and so back to opposite hippocampus

182
Q

Fornix connects to mammillary bodies via…

A

Columns of the fornix

183
Q

Anterior commissure

A

Thick white matter bundle interconnecting temporal lobes and olfactory structures of each side

184
Q

Lamina Terminalis

A

Thin sheet of ependyma and pia extending downwards from rostrum of callosum and fornix to anterior wall of IIIrd ventricle

185
Q

Interthalmic adhesion

A

Flattened grey disc joining the thalami of each side behind the interventricular foramen

186
Q

Medial Geniculate Nucleus

A

Relays auditory info from midbrain to auditory cortex passing some fibres, via the inferior brachium, to the inferior colliculi

187
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A

Relays visual info from optic nerve to both visual cortex (via optic radiation for vision) and the superior colliculi (via the superior brachium for pupillary reflexes)

188
Q

Ventral and Dorsal parts of diencephalon

A

Ventral - Hypothalamus
Dorsal - Thalamus

189
Q

Association Fibres

A

Link cortical regions within 1 cerebral hemisphere

190
Q

Commissural Fibres

A

Link similar functional areas of the 2 hemispheres

191
Q

Projection fibres

A

Link cortex with subcortical regions (thalamus, spinal cord, etc)

192
Q

2 basic functions of uniting the 2 cerebral hemispheres

A

1) Bringing together separate representations of the 2 halves of the body, the visual field and auditory surround

2) Uniting areas of cortex which have functions specialised to 1 hemisphere

193
Q

Foramen Magendie

A

Links IVth ventricle and cisterna magna

194
Q

Role of limbic system

A

Acts as an interface between internal and external environment
Role in learning
Role in regulation and translation of our emotional state into appropriate behaviour

195
Q

Main parts of limbic system connected via…

A

The Papez Circuit

196
Q

List the structures of the limbic system

A

Cingulate gyrus
Hippocampal formation
Parahippocampal gyrus
Anterior perforated substance
Septal nuclei
Uncus
Amygdala

197
Q

Cingulate gyrus lies…

A

Just above corpus callosum

198
Q

What lobe is the parahippocampal gyrus part of?

A

Temporal lobe

199
Q

Uncus

A

Hook-shaped region of cortex
Anterior end of temporal lobe
Role in olfaction, emotions, memory

200
Q

Choroid Fissure

A

C-shaped site of attachment of choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles (runs between fornix and thalamus)

201
Q

Stria Terminalis

A

Slender bundle of white fibres accompanying curve of caudate around into temporal horn of ventricle

Connects amygdala to septum and hypothalamus

202
Q

Fimbria

A

Efferent fibres from hippocampus heading to fornix forming flattened, longitudinal white matter bundle

203
Q

Posterior Horn of Lateral Ventricle

A

Variable extension of lateral ventricle into occipital lobe

204
Q

Pes Hippocampi

A

2-3 elevations in lower anterior surface of hippocampus (paw-like appearance)

205
Q

Claustrum

A

Part of basal ganglia (as it’s a subcortical nucleus derived from the telencephalon)
Receives from and projects to cerebral cortex

206
Q

What separates claustrum from putamen?

A

Extreme capsule (white matter)

207
Q

What separates putamen and lateral segment of globus pallidus?

A

Lateral medullary lamina (white matter)

208
Q

What separates lateral and medial segments of globus pallidus?

A

Medial medullary lamina (white matter)

209
Q

What type of matter is the globus pallidus?

A

Grey Matter

210
Q

Forceps Major (contains fibres from callosum) connects…

A

Parietal to parietal and occipital to occipital lobes

211
Q

Forceps Minor (contains fibres from callosum) connects…

A

Frontal lobes

212
Q

Cisterna Magna

A

Subarachnoid space below the inferior surface of the cerebellum, behind the medulla

213
Q

Vertebral column layout

A

Cervical - 7 vertebrae
Thoracic - 12 vertebrae
Lumbar - 5 vertebrae
Sacrum - 5 fused vertebrae
Coccyx - 4 or more fused rudimentary vertebrae

214
Q

What is the uppermost palpable spinous process?

A

7th cervical vertebra (the vertebra prominent)

215
Q

Highest point of iliac crest is in line with what part of the spine?

A

Interval between L3 and L4

216
Q

Facets of spinous processes role

A

Guide and constrain motion of vertebrae

217
Q

Change in spinal curvature from foetus -> after birth

A

Foetus - C shaped with concavity facing anteriorly

After birth - anterior convexity in cervical due to looking up, anterior convexity in lumbar due to weight bearing on legs

218
Q

4 movements in vertebral column

A

Flexion
Extension
Lateral Flexion
Rotation

Rotation is maximum in thoracic but flexion and extension are limited in thoracic due to rib cage

219
Q

Role of intervertebral discs

A

Withstand compression forces whilst being flexible enough to allow movement between vertebrae

220
Q

Structure of intervertebral disc

A

Nucleus pulposus surrounded by an annulus fibrosis

221
Q

Nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc

A

Well hydrated gel containing proteoglycan, collagen and cartilage cells

222
Q

Annulus fibrosis of intervertebral disc

A

10-12 concentric layers of collagen
Annulus fibrosis attaches to vertebral bodies as well as the posterior longitudinal ligament

223
Q

Which muscle covers the vertebral column?

A

Erectus Spinae

224
Q

What is the epidural space?

A

Space between vertebrae and dura mater of spinal cord

225
Q

What is contained within the epidural space?

A

Small arteries supplying spinal cord and vertebral venus plexuses.

Veins in these plexuses (Batson’s veins) contain no valves and communicate freely with intercostal and pelvic veins

226
Q

31 spinal nerves come from…

A

8 cervical nerves (8th emerges below C7 vertebra)
12 thoracic nerves
5 lumbar nerves
5 sacral nerves
1 coccygeal nerve

227
Q

What does dorsal root of spinal nerve carry?

A

Sensory fibres

228
Q

What does ventral root of spinal nerve carry?

A

Motor fibres

229
Q

Anterior and posterior roots of a spinal nerve join together at the…

A

Intervertebral foramen

230
Q

After the intervertebral foramen spinal nerve divides immediately into…

A

Anterior and posterior rami containing both sensory and motor fibres

231
Q

Spinal nerves leave the intervertebral canal through…

A

The intervertebral foramen

232
Q

Boundaries of intervertebral foramen

A

Anteriorly bounded by bodies of adjoining vertebrae and the intervening intervertebral disc

Posteriorly bounded by synovial joints between the 2 superior and 2 inferior articular processes

233
Q

Cells of origin of dorsal root fibres reside in…

A

the dorsal root ganglion

234
Q

Conus medullaris

A

Tapering end of the spinal cord

235
Q

Filum Terminale

A

Fibrous strand extending from conus medullaris to coccyx

236
Q

Cauda Equina

A

Nerves from lower part of cord (sacral and lumbar) hanging obliquely downwards

237
Q

Where would you do a lumbar puncture? Why?

A

L3/L4 as spinal cord finishes at L1/L2
Below that is Cauda Equina

238
Q

What is a striatum?

A

Lentiform nucleus connected to caudate nucleus connected to amygdala

239
Q

Amygdala role

A

Emotional response

240
Q

Papez Circuit

A

Cingulate Gyrus
Parahippocampal Gyrus
Hippocampus
Fornix
Mammillary body
Thalamus
(back to cingulate gyrus)

241
Q

Path of lateral corticospinal tract (descending)

A

Travels from motor area of cortex and decussates in medullary pyramids

242
Q

Path of lateral spinothalamic tract (ascending)

A

Cross straight away at anterior nerve roots (before entering medulla)

243
Q

Geniculate Fibres

A

Fibres in the region of the genu of the internal capsule; they originate in the motor part of the cerebral cortex

244
Q

What process creates the pivot joint between C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis)?

A

Odontoid peg

245
Q

Pupillary Light Reflex

A

Afferent limb (input) = CN II
Efferent limb (output) = parasympathetic fibres in CN III

Light shone into 1 eye: Ipsilateral pupil constricts = direct response
Contralateral pupil constricts = consensual response

246
Q

Motor innervation to face

A

Part of motor cortex dedicated to upper face, part dedicated to lower face

Cell bodies of UMNs reside in the motor cortex and their axons travel to facial motor nuclei in pons

Axons of UMNs for both upper and lower face cross at the midline synapsing on the contralateral CN VII motor nucleus

Facial motor nucleus also receives input from region of ipsilateral motor cortex responsible for upper face

247
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal
Motor nerve - muscles of tongue
Arises from medulla
Leaves through hypoglossal canal

248
Q

CN XI

A

Accessory

Cranial part - rootlets arise from medulla leaving via jugular foramen by joining the vagus

Spinal part - ventral horn spinal cord C1-5
Travels up through foramen magnum
Leaves again through jugular foramen
Innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

249
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal

Sensory, motor, parasympathetic

Taste - posterior 1/3 of tongue

General sensation (touch, temp, pain) to pharynx, eustachian, posterior 1/3 tongue

Parasympathetic to parotid gland

Afferents from carotid sinus (baroreceptors) and carotid body (chemoreceptors)

250
Q

CN X

A

Vagus

Sensory, motor, parasympathetic

General sensation - larynx, pharynx, oesophagus, EAM, tympanic membrane

Visceral afferents - thoracic and abdo viscera

Afferents from aortic bodies (chemoreceptors) and aortic arch (baroreceptors)

Motor - soft palate, pharynx, larynx

Parasymp - thoracic and abdo viscera

251
Q

CN VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear
Sensory

Vestibular afferents -> vestibular nuclei (connect to spinal cord, cerebellum, nuclei of CN II,IV,VI, cerebral cortex for posture, balance, eye movements, conscious perception of head position)

Cochlear afferents -> cochlear nuclei (primary auditory cortex - conscious perception of sound, auditory association cortex - interpretation)

252
Q

What is the auditory association area?

A

Wernicke’s Area

253
Q

What is the primary auditory cortex?

A

Superior temporal gyrus

254
Q

Subarachnoid cisterns

A

Spaces where arachnoid membrane and pia mater aren’t in close proximity and CSF forms pools/cisterns

Medicine (14 decks)

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